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    Christopher Allen

    Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Citigroup

    Christopher Allen is a Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Citigroup, focusing on coverage of alternative asset managers and financial services, with a portfolio that includes firms such as Apollo Global Management, KKR, Blackstone, Robinhood Markets, and Charles Schwab. Known for his sector expertise, Allen provides equity research and investment analysis with tracked recommendation performance accessible on analyst ranking platforms and through his firm’s research notes. He began his investment research career prior to joining Citi, rising to prominence for his incisive commentary on private markets and alternative investments; he has consistently contributed to Citi Research since at least 2023. Allen holds relevant FINRA securities licenses, ensuring compliance with industry standards for research analysts.

    Christopher Allen's questions to eToro Group (ETOR) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to eToro Group (ETOR) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citi inquired about the dynamics of account growth, asking for color on which geographic regions are seeing the fastest growth and present the best opportunities.

    Answer

    CFO Meron Shani responded that eToro manages its growth on a global scale and that growth is currently well-balanced across its various regions. While he noted the UAE as a growing market, he clarified that no single region is significantly outpacing the others.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to eToro Group (ETOR) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citigroup asked about the dynamics of account growth, which was running at about 8% year-to-date, seeking color on regional growth trends and the best opportunities.

    Answer

    CFO Meron Shani responded that growth is managed on a global scale and is well-balanced across different regions. While he noted growth in newer markets like the UAE, he emphasized that no single region is significantly outperforming others, indicating a broad-based expansion.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS (MKTX) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS (MKTX) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citi asked for an update on the progress of MarketAxess's new initiatives, including client penetration and adoption, and requested a reconciliation of the strong Q2 momentum with the disappointing U.S. High Grade market share seen in July.

    Answer

    CEO Christopher Concannon highlighted significant year-to-date growth across key initiatives, including a 47% increase in IG portfolio trading and a 42% rise in the dealer business. He attributed the July market share dip to a specific low-volatility, narrow-spread environment that pushed large block trades to phone and chat, a segment the company's new high-touch strategy is specifically designed to capture.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS (MKTX) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen inquired about the outlook for MarketAxess's market share gains, questioning their dependency on the current volatile environment and the expected impact from new product capabilities.

    Answer

    CEO Christopher Concannon explained that the current market environment of economic and geopolitical uncertainty is favorable to their business model and expects volatility to remain elevated. He emphasized that growth is driven by their 'protocol agnostic' strategy and a strong pipeline of product releases, including a high-touch block solution, a new Mid-X solution for dealers, and the European rollout of X-Pro, which will enhance their ability to gain share across multiple channels.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS (MKTX) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked about the U.S. block trading launch, questioning the strategy of leading with emerging markets and the importance of dealer participation for success.

    Answer

    CEO Christopher Concannon explained that the emerging markets and Eurobonds launch was prioritized due to superior pre-trade analytics and strong client demand in those regions. He emphasized that the key to block trading is minimizing information leakage, which their new tool achieves with high hit rates (e.g., 90% in Eurobonds). Concannon noted that dealers are supportive as the targeted approach reduces the 'winner's curse,' and the U.S. launch is scheduled for early Q2 2025.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS (MKTX) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked about the drivers behind the October decline in U.S. high-grade market share and the strategy to accelerate adoption of the new block trading solution.

    Answer

    CEO Christopher Concannon attributed the share dip to a market-wide shift toward large block trades executed via phone and chat, a segment their new targeted block solution is designed to capture. He confirmed the rollout is a 2025 initiative focused on trader-by-trader education, highlighting the AI-driven dealer selection tool as a key feature. Executive Chairman Richard McVey added that the strategy specifically targets traders who are less active electronically.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citigroup Inc. questioned the recurring revenue trajectory in Mortgage Technology, asking about the impact of customers resetting minimums, how that relates to transaction fees, and the overall confidence in the full-year guidance.

    Answer

    CFO Warren Gardiner expressed comfort with the low-to-mid single-digit full-year guidance for the segment. He detailed second-half headwinds, including the Flagstar attrition and inactive loan roll-offs, but noted these are offset by new customer implementations. He added that while minimums are being reset, the headwind is less severe than in the prior year.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citi inquired about the recurring revenue trajectory in Mortgage Technology, asking about the impact of customers resetting minimums and how the company is thinking about its full-year guidance for the segment.

    Answer

    CFO Warren Gardiner reiterated confidence in the low-to-mid single-digit growth guidance for the year. He outlined second-half headwinds, including the Flagstar attrition, inactive loan roll-offs, and customer minimum resets, but noted these headwinds are less severe than last year. These factors are expected to be offset by new customer implementations and cross-sell expansions, with revenue synergies now at $80 million signed.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citi asked about the potential impact of a new U.S. administration's policies on energy markets and whether it could create new opportunities or headwinds for ICE.

    Answer

    Chair and CEO Jeffrey Sprecher stated that an administrative focus on increasing U.S. energy production would likely boost export markets, benefiting their Houston WTI export contract. He also noted that potential changes to sanctions and tariffs could alter global energy supply chains, driving risk management needs and potentially benefiting their Murban contract and Abu Dhabi exchange.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen inquired about customer-driven growth opportunities in the energy business, such as from overseas clients or cross-market activity, and asked about the potential for developing a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) market.

    Answer

    COO Stuart Williams highlighted customer growth from new participants in Asia and existing U.S. clients expanding into global markets like TTF. He also noted increased adoption of ICE's HOU contract for Permian pricing. Regarding SAF, Williams confirmed it is an opportunity they are monitoring, noting it would fit within their growing biofuels markets, though the market structure is still nascent.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Tradeweb Markets (TW) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Tradeweb Markets (TW) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citigroup asked for more detail on the strong international growth, specifically where management is focusing from a regional and product perspective.

    Answer

    CEO Billy Hult detailed that the 40%+ international revenue growth was broad-based across rates, credit, ETFs, and repo. He highlighted exceptional strength in European, APAC, and emerging market swaps. Geographically, the focus is on expanding tools like AI Snap in Europe, growing in Asia (particularly Japan) and Australia, and targeting long-term opportunities in Latin America and the Middle East. He also noted increased engagement from North American and Asian clients trading international products.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Tradeweb Markets (TW) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen inquired about the overall health of the rates market, the impact of moves in the long end of the curve on customers, basis swap spread trades, and current investor positioning regarding duration risk appetite.

    Answer

    CEO William Hult described the recent market volatility as featuring 'unprecedented moves,' noting the largest weekly move in the 30-year treasury yield since 1982. He emphasized that Tradeweb's platform reliability and the underlying market function held up well during this stress. Hult stated that client engagement remained strong and electronically oriented, with AiEX average daily trades growing over 20% in April versus Q1. He believes the ongoing uncertainty around inflation and rates is a positive macro outlook for Tradeweb's leading rates business.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Tradeweb Markets (TW) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citigroup Inc. asked about the current environment for risk-on trading in interest rate swaps and the reasons for moderated compression activity.

    Answer

    CEO William Hult explained that significant market volatility events have established Tradeweb as a trusted destination for reshuffling exposure, which builds credibility. He noted that the current environment is conducive to risk-on trading, citing strong active user growth and a 30% year-over-year increase in January swap revenue. Hult emphasized that the company's past strategy of using compression trading was a tactic to gain entry into risk transfer, a goal he believes has been successfully achieved.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Tradeweb Markets (TW) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked about Tradeweb's competitive positioning in the credit market relative to MarketAxess, questioning how the platform is evolving and positioned for increased block penetration.

    Answer

    CEO Billy Hult explained that Tradeweb has evolved from a challenger to a market leader in investment-grade credit by continuously learning and responding to client feedback. He highlighted significant volume growth in RFQ, portfolio trading, and all-to-all protocols over the past two years. Hult emphasized that the company's focus remains on innovation, such as RFQ Edge and dealer upsize features to promote block trading, and the diligent execution of delivering best-in-class technology to clients.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Virtu Financial (VIRT) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Virtu Financial (VIRT) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citi asked for color on the Execution Services business, noting that despite strong year-over-year trends, sequential growth was not as high as expected given market volumes. He also inquired about the forward-looking opportunity set.

    Answer

    CEO Douglas Cifu attributed the segment's strength to the successful integration of the Knight and ITG franchises and a strategy focused on cross-asset product development, like the Triton EMS. He emphasized that leveraging Virtu's own market-making liquidity is a key differentiator. Co-President Joseph Molluso added that the Q2 environment was extraordinary and unique, particularly the activity surrounding 'Liberation Day'.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Virtu Financial (VIRT) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen inquired about the sustainability of the 40% year-over-year growth in Market Making, asking for a breakdown between the wholesale and on-exchange businesses and the impact of organic growth initiatives.

    Answer

    CEO Douglas Cifu and Co-President/Co-COO Joseph Molluso explained that the growth was diverse and evenly allocated between customer and noncustomer businesses, rather than being skewed to one segment. They highlighted strong performance in metals, options, and the ETF Block business. They emphasized that the key distinction for Virtu is customer versus noncustomer business across multiple asset classes, not on-exchange versus off-exchange. Cifu also noted that continuous improvements and enhanced internalization across all business lines, including legacy ones, were significant contributors to performance.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Virtu Financial (VIRT) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citigroup Inc. asked for a breakdown of the drivers behind the strong Q4 Market Making results, specifically the contribution from internalization versus the market environment. He also sought details on the firm's crypto investments and the roadmap for its 24/7 framework.

    Answer

    CEO Douglas Cifu attributed the strong quarter to a combination of factors, including a positive trend in quoted spreads, strong performance in retail and crypto, and significant benefits from internalization, which allows for better hedging and pricing. Regarding crypto, he explained that investments in market access, liquidity, and operational efficiency were key. He noted the firm is still in the "early days" of building its 24/7 crypto-native offering, focusing on distribution to institutional clients.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Virtu Financial (VIRT) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citigroup asked for an update on Virtu's progress in the competitive U.S. options market and how the international opportunity compares. He also followed up on retail futures, asking if it represents a wholesale or on-exchange opportunity.

    Answer

    CEO Douglas Cifu stated that becoming a retail options wholesaler remains a medium- to long-term plan, while highlighting current growth in international options markets like India, Korea, and Japan. He clarified that the retail futures opportunity is primarily on-exchange, not wholesale, but views any expansion of retail products as a positive for the ecosystem and Virtu's partnerships.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to NASDAQ (NDAQ) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to NASDAQ (NDAQ) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citi asked about the price increases mentioned across several business segments, inquiring how they compare to historical levels and what portion of these increases are contractual.

    Answer

    EVP & CFO Sarah Youngwood confirmed that pricing is a standard part of Nasdaq's growth formula and that recent increases were in line with historical experience. She noted that the contractual nature varies by division and that in some areas, like Financial Crime, price increases also reflect the added value from upsells and deeper client engagement.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to CME GROUP (CME) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to CME GROUP (CME) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citi asked about CME Group's capital deployment priorities, specifically the balance between share buybacks and dividends, and the outlook for inorganic growth opportunities.

    Answer

    Lynne Fitzpatrick, President & CFO, explained that the capital deployment strategy remains unchanged. The variable dividend is the primary method for returning cash, while the share repurchase program is used opportunistically. Regarding M&A, she stated that while CME is always evaluating opportunities, they remain "choosy" and also pursue growth through other structures like joint ventures and commercial agreements.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to CME GROUP (CME) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citi inquired about CME Group's capital deployment strategy, asking about the prioritization of buybacks versus dividends and the potential for inorganic growth opportunities given the company's cash position.

    Answer

    President & CFO Lynne Fitzpatrick stated that the capital deployment strategy is unchanged. The variable dividend remains the primary method of capital return, while the share repurchase program is used opportunistically when there's a perceived disconnect between stock price and performance. Regarding M&A, she noted that while CME is always evaluating opportunities, it remains "choosy" and also pursues growth through joint ventures and commercial agreements, like the recent NASDAQ license extension.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to CME GROUP (CME) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citigroup asked about the potential market implications for CME's energy and agricultural complexes if a resolution to the Russia-Ukraine conflict were to occur.

    Answer

    Terrence Duffy, Chairman and CEO, opined it could take time for the Russian market to be re-accepted globally, suggesting a muted immediate price impact. Derek Sammann, Senior Managing Director, added that clients have already spent two years reconfiguring physical supply chains, leading them to hedge using U.S. benchmarks like WTI and Henry Hub, a trend he expects to continue given the uncertainty.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to CME GROUP (CME) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Asked for an update on the status of the securities clearing build-out, its long-term revenue potential, and whether the company has quantified the potential margin savings for the industry.

    Answer

    The application for the securities clearing house has been published and they are engaging with the SEC for approval. They are also expanding their cross-margining program with FICC. The offering provides significant capital efficiency benefits for clients, but it is hard to quantify the exact savings as it will depend on client choice and the evolving clearing mandate.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to CME GROUP (CME) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen inquired about the impact of new customer acquisition on volumes, the geographic origin of these new clients, and how to frame the potential volume impact from Robinhood's recent launch of futures trading.

    Answer

    Julie Winkler, Chief Commercial Officer, detailed that new institutional client growth is up nearly 40% versus the 3-year average, driven by a new inside sales team and new hedge funds. On the retail side, CME welcomed 176,000 new traders year-to-date, a 30% year-over-year increase, with 53% from the U.S., 31% from EMEA, and 16% from APAC. Regarding Robinhood, she noted access will be rolled out on a measured basis, but adoption with similar partners has been faster than predicted. CEO Terrence Duffy reiterated that it is difficult to predict future volumes from new clients.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Robinhood Markets (HOOD) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Robinhood Markets (HOOD) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked about the health of the retail customer, seeking more color on the strong April metrics, including margin balances, net new account openings, and the sources of strong net deposits.

    Answer

    CFO Jason Warnick stated that strong engagement was seen throughout April, not just front or back-loaded. He highlighted that the strength in net deposits is diverse, flowing into retirement, strategies, brokerage, and crypto. CEO Vladimir Tenev added that the company's focus on active traders has made it more resilient, with new products like futures and advanced options strategies providing more ways for sophisticated customers to engage in various market conditions.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Cboe Global Markets (CBOE) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Cboe Global Markets (CBOE) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked about the outlook for inorganic growth and M&A, given new CEO Craig Donohue's history of deal-making at CME Group.

    Answer

    CEO Frederic Tomczyk responded that Cboe is in a strong position with a healthy balance sheet to consider all options. He noted that Mr. Donohue is focused on both organic and inorganic growth, but emphasized any M&A would be disciplined, strategic, and financially sensible to create long-term shareholder value.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Cboe Global Markets (CBOE) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citi asked for framing around the magnitude of investment needed for future growth and specifics on where talent and resources are being deployed, given the company's strong balance sheet and repurposed integration teams.

    Answer

    The management team provided a comprehensive overview. Global President David Howson outlined investments in derivatives, data, and technology, including marketing for retail growth and hiring experienced salespeople for the global 'import strategy.' COO Chris Isaacson noted that resources from the final tech migration (Canada) will be redeployed to high-growth areas like derivatives and DnA, with a heavy focus on data, analytics, and AI. CFO Jill Griebenow affirmed the goal is to balance these investments with margin optimization.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to STIFEL FINANCIAL (SF) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to STIFEL FINANCIAL (SF) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citigroup Inc. requested a breakdown of the Financials (FIG) brokerage business to better understand its drivers, asking what portion is tied to FICC underwriting versus other areas like municipals and rates.

    Answer

    CFO James Marischen clarified that the vast majority of FIG underwriting revenue comes from public finance. He noted that other activity, primarily investment-grade, has been slower this year. He also reiterated that the first quarter is typically a seasonally softer period for the firm's transactional businesses.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Interactive Brokers Group (IBKR) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Interactive Brokers Group (IBKR) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked if Interactive Brokers was observing increased activity from European retail investors, similar to U.S. trends, and inquired about the adoption of options in that region. He also sought clarification on the sequential movement in net interest income related to segregated cash.

    Answer

    CEO Milan Galik confirmed that international clients are active traders of options, primarily U.S. options, but also noted significant volume in Asian options from Asian clients. CFO Paul Brody explained that the sequential decline in segregated cash interest income was primarily due to the full impact of benchmark rate drops from late Q4 being felt in Q1, which was partially offset by lower interest paid to customers.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Interactive Brokers Group (IBKR) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen followed up on crypto, asking what percentage of customers trade it and where the U.S. product could expand with better regulation. He also asked how the firm's securities lending capacity has evolved and what its potential is in a better market environment.

    Answer

    CEO Milan Galik noted that the main traded cryptos are Bitcoin and Ethereum, and regulatory clarity would allow for listing more tokens and raising the 1% account asset limit. CFO Paul Brody confirmed that securities lending capacity expands directly with account growth and the increasing number of lendable shares held by clients, and he expects that to continue rising.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Interactive Brokers Group (IBKR) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen asked about the drivers behind the stabilization and improvement in trading activity per account this year, questioning if a client mix shift towards prop traders was a factor. He also inquired about potential offsets to declining Net Interest Income (NII) in a lower rate environment.

    Answer

    President and CEO Milan Galik confirmed that higher commission generation from the growing proprietary trading segment was a key reason for the stabilization in trading activity. Regarding the revenue outlook, Galik acknowledged the impact of lower rates on NII but expressed confidence that continued new account growth and a diverse, active client base would provide significant offsets.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to LPL Financial Holdings (LPLA) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to LPL Financial Holdings (LPLA) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen from Citigroup asked for an update on the high-net-worth channel and the alternatives platform, specifically regarding progress on expanding selling agreements and the long-term revenue monetization opportunity.

    Answer

    Executive Richard Steinmeier detailed a multi-year journey for the alternatives platform, which now includes custody capabilities, a new digitized selling experience in pilot, and a rapidly expanding product shelf that more than doubled in 2024. For the high-net-worth channel, he noted their differentiated offering attracted ~$2 billion in assets in its first year, and the enhanced capabilities are key to capturing more of this $5 trillion market opportunity.

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    Christopher Allen's questions to Marex Group (MRX) leadership

    Christopher Allen's questions to Marex Group (MRX) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Christopher Allen of Citi asked for details on the Hamilton Court and Aarna acquisitions, including profitability and valuation multiples. He also inquired about the trend of energy traders moving into metals and the opportunity this presents for Marex.

    Answer

    CEO Ian Lowitt stated that the two acquisitions combined are expected to contribute about 10% of 2025 profit after tax and were acquired at an attractive multiple of around 3x earnings, including synergies. He confirmed that Marex is seeing energy players move into metals, viewing it as a significant cross-selling opportunity given the firm's strong franchises in both sectors.

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