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    Patrick CunninghamCitigroup

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecovyst Inc (ECVT) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecovyst Inc (ECVT) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi inquired about the potential impact of new EPA renewable fuel volume (RVO) guidelines on 2026 demand and the outlook for polyethylene catalyst sales amidst global trade uncertainties.

    Answer

    CEO Kurt Bitting stated that while it's still early, the proposed 67% RVO increase is encouraging and should drive higher industry utilization in 2026, leading to more catalyst demand. He also noted that while polyethylene sales are expected to grow year-over-year, they are impacted by global macro softness, but this is being offset by strength in hydrocracking catalysts.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecovyst Inc (ECVT) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citi asked for insights into the structural price environment for sulfuric acid in Q1 and the outlook for virgin pricing. He also inquired about the potential EBITDA contribution from the Cornerstone acquisition in 2026 and how the asset enhances the company's network.

    Answer

    CEO Kurt Bitting explained that recent sulfuric acid price increases were primarily driven by higher sulfur costs from refinery turnarounds, which are passed through to customers. He noted that over 90% of the Ecoservices business is under contract, limiting spot price exposure, but the overall market demand appears healthy. Regarding the Cornerstone acquisition, Bitting declined to provide specific 2026 EBITDA guidance but emphasized its strategic value, describing it as a '1 plus 1 equals 3' scenario that significantly enhances their Gulf Coast network and capacity to serve customers and capture new opportunities.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecovyst Inc (ECVT) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup inquired about the preliminary outlook for 2025 end markets and internal growth drivers, as well as the factors contributing to the guided step-up in performance for Q4 2024.

    Answer

    CEO Kurt Bitting stated that for 2025, Ecovyst expects continued high utilization in regeneration services, potential price increases for virgin sulfuric acid, and strong demand for its customized polyethylene catalysts. For Q4, Bitting noted the implied guidance for Ecoservices represents a 10% year-over-year increase, a strong result for a seasonally weaker quarter. He added that growth in polyethylene and custom catalyst sales is expected to offset lower year-over-year hydrocracking sales.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Corteva Inc (CTVA) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Corteva Inc (CTVA) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi asked about the magnitude of the benefit from seed commodity cost deflation in the first half and whether it will remain a significant tailwind into 2026.

    Answer

    EVP & CFO David Johnson confirmed that commodity cost deflation was a positive factor in the first half, putting them ahead of their cost improvement plan. He noted the benefit flows through the P&L over a multi-year period due to hedging and inventory accounting, giving them confidence in their long-term savings plan.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Corteva Inc (CTVA) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for a breakdown of the drivers behind lower seed production costs, specifically the split between commodity deflation and productivity, and the impact of new trait launch costs.

    Answer

    Judd O'Connor, EVP, Seed business unit, confirmed the Q1 cost reduction was a mix of both lower commodity costs and productivity execution, plus benefits from lower soy licensing fees. CFO David Johnson added that for the full year, Corteva expects $400 million in cost savings ($200M Seed, $200M CP). He noted the Seed savings were front-loaded in Q1, with some offsetting costs for new trait introductions expected later in the year.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Corteva Inc (CTVA) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for a quantification of the year-to-date performance of new products and biologicals and their expected contribution in 2025.

    Answer

    EVP Robert King stated that for 2024, biologicals are expected to deliver double-digit EBITDA growth, and new products saw approximately 20% organic growth in Q3. CEO Chuck Magro added that these categories are the primary growth engines for the Crop Protection business, expected to lead volume growth and maintain a price premium in 2025 and beyond.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to International Flavors & Fragrances Inc (IFF) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to International Flavors & Fragrances Inc (IFF) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham inquired about the strategic rationale behind the divestiture of the soy crush business to Bunge, asking about potential dis-synergies and the margin profile of the sold assets.

    Answer

    CEO J. Erik Fyrwald explained that the divested businesses were highly commoditized with low single-digit EBITDA margins, making them a better fit for Bunge. He stated the sale allows IFF to focus on its differentiated, higher-margin isolated soy protein business, which will significantly improve the Food Ingredients segment's margins and help achieve its mid-teens EBITDA margin goal.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to International Flavors & Fragrances Inc (IFF) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked about the reasons for lower volumes in Protein Solutions and the outlook for the overall Food Ingredients segment's volumes and progress toward its 15% margin target.

    Answer

    CEO Erik Fyrwald confirmed the Food Ingredients turnaround is progressing well, with EBITDA margins improving from high single-digits in 2023 to 13.9% in Q1 2025. He explained that the Q1 volume decline was due to a strategic shift away from low-margin business and temporary production issues in high-value proteins, which are now being resolved. He expects full-year volumes to be flattish to slightly down as this portfolio optimization continues.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to International Flavors & Fragrances Inc (IFF) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Eric Zhang, on behalf of Patrick Cunningham, asked if IFF is on track to achieve its 15%+ margin target for the Functional Ingredients business and inquired about the cost and productivity savings that support this goal.

    Answer

    CEO Jon Erik Fyrwald confirmed that IFF is on track toward its mid-teens margin target for the Food Ingredients business. He highlighted the significant progress made, with EBITDA margins improving from high single-digits in 2023 to solid low double-digits in 2024. Fyrwald expressed confidence in the new leadership team's plan to achieve this goal through a dual strategy of growing the business with attractive margins and implementing aggressive productivity plans.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to International Flavors & Fragrances Inc (IFF) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi inquired about the full-year adjusted free cash flow guidance, asking if the previously stated $600 million target would trend higher given the raised EBITDA outlook, or if it would be offset by working capital or other items.

    Answer

    CFO Glenn Richter stated that the full-year free cash flow forecast remains largely unchanged. He explained that while the earnings trajectory is higher, it is being offset by increased working capital, primarily higher receivables resulting from stronger sales. This results in a net-neutral position for the full-year cash flow forecast.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Westlake Corp (WLK) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Westlake Corp (WLK) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi inquired about Westlake's Housing and Infrastructure Products (HIP) segment guidance, questioning why the margin outlook remains stable despite a lower sales forecast. He also asked about the potential risks to chlorovinyls and caustic soda exports to Brazil due to recent tariff changes.

    Answer

    EVP & CFO Steven Bender responded that the HIP margin guidance of 20% to 22% remains appropriate, reflecting the realities of the residential construction market and strong Q2 performance. Regarding Brazil, Bender explained that Westlake's direct sales to customers in the alumina and paper markets, which are export-oriented, allow them to access duty drawbacks, mitigating the impact of tariffs.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Westlake Corp (WLK) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup Inc. inquired about the pricing dynamics in the Housing and Infrastructure Products (HIP) segment, specifically the timeline for price realization and the ability to pass on inflation. He also asked about the potential impact of retaliatory tariffs from China on polyethylene (PE) operating rates and domestic prices.

    Answer

    M. Bender, Executive Vice President and CFO, explained that HIP pricing is much more stable than in the Performance and Essential Materials (PEM) segment, allowing for better price stability despite input cost changes. Regarding tariffs, Bender noted it's hard to predict indirect impacts but stated Westlake's direct exposure is limited as its specialty PE products are not primarily targeted at Asian markets.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Westlake Corp (WLK) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked if a tougher outlook from homebuilders could lead to volume pressure for Westlake and questioned the impact of PVC tariffs on global trade flows and the potential for retaliatory tariffs.

    Answer

    EVP and CFO Steve Bender expressed confidence in Westlake's ability to grow market penetration despite a flat housing start forecast of 1.3 million units. He acknowledged that some margin compression could occur from product mix shifts. On tariffs, Bender stated that Westlake is watchful and has already observed shifts in trade patterns, expecting further changes if new tariffs are implemented.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Westlake Corp (WLK) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi inquired about the operational status of the plants that recently returned to service, asking if they are at full capacity, and if any additional maintenance is scheduled for the year.

    Answer

    EVP and CFO Steve Bender clarified that the mothballed units in Pernis are separate from the facilities that experienced maintenance outages. He confirmed that the LACC ethylene unit and the Plaquemine chlorovinyls site, which had the extended outages, are both back in service.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dupont De Nemours Inc (DD) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dupont De Nemours Inc (DD) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup Inc. inquired about the margin outlook for the Industrials segment for the second half and sought clarity on future pricing trends within the business.

    Answer

    CFO Antonella Franzen stated that strong productivity is driving better-than-expected margins and that this focus will continue. She confirmed the pricing headwind should lessen in the second half, as the pressure was mainly in diversified industrials related to normalizing prior price hikes.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dupont De Nemours Inc (DD) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi asked about the drivers of strong margin performance in the Industrials segment and the outlook for pricing trends in the second half of the year.

    Answer

    CFO Antonella Franzen attributed the robust margins to strong productivity focus, which is driving underlying expansion of about 100 basis points for the year. She also confirmed that the negative pricing impact, concentrated in diversified industrials, is expected to lessen in the second half.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dupont De Nemours Inc (DD) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked if tariff uncertainty and market normalization are creating pressure on DuPont's ability to achieve share gains in Electronics, and inquired about the risk of retaliatory trade restrictions from China.

    Answer

    Jon Kemp, CEO-elect of Qnity, expressed confidence in their competitive position, stating that increasing technological complexity favors their high-quality offerings and deep customer integration. Regarding trade risks, he acknowledged the dynamic environment but noted the company has a strong track record of navigating such challenges.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dupont De Nemours Inc (DD) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about the EBITDA margin profile of the businesses being moved from Corporate into IndustrialsCo and requested an update on the performance and destocking status of the Kalrez business.

    Answer

    CEO Lori Koch confirmed the businesses moving into the new DuPont have a lower margin profile, in the high-teens to low-20s, resulting in a blended margin of 23-24% for IndustrialsCo in 2024. She also noted that the destocking in the Kalrez business is expected to be complete by mid-2025.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dupont De Nemours Inc (DD) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup inquired about the outlook for price givebacks in the Shelter business and the growth dynamic between commercial and residential construction. He also asked about the drivers of the sequential EBITDA decline in W&P.

    Answer

    CFO Antonella Franzen stated that some price giveback carry-forward into 2025 is expected in Shelter, pending a review of input costs. She noted construction activity was weaker than anticipated due to the timing of rate cuts. CEO Lori Koch clarified the sequential W&P EBITDA decline is due to typical seasonality, primarily in the Shelter business, and confirmed a $25 million one-time benefit from last year would not repeat.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to LyondellBasell Industries NV (LYB) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to LyondellBasell Industries NV (LYB) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citi inquired about the potential sequential earnings lift for the O&P Americas segment in Q3, considering reduced downtime and recent price increases, and asked about the likelihood of further polyethylene price hikes.

    Answer

    CEO Peter Vanacker confirmed an expected $85 million improvement from less downtime. EVP of Global Olefins & Polyolefins, Kim Foley, added that while back-to-back price increases are rare without a major supply disruption, positive market indicators like strong demand and low inventories create potential for a Q3 increase if tariff uncertainties are resolved.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to LyondellBasell Industries NV (LYB) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi questioned the timing of the Flex 2 metathesis unit project, asking why now is the right time to proceed with its significant CapEx given market uncertainty, and if it could be delayed.

    Answer

    CEO Peter Vanacker affirmed that the project aligns with the company's strategy to grow and upgrade its core, enabled by cost-saving programs. He highlighted the project's attractive IRR of around 15-16%. He stressed that LYB has a history of navigating cycles by managing CapEx and that the 2026 spending plan will be similarly managed, with total CapEx not expected to be substantially higher than the current year's guidance.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to LyondellBasell Industries NV (LYB) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham questioned if the current environment of supply overhang and sluggish demand represents a 'new normal' rather than a temporary downturn, and asked if LyondellBasell could be more aggressive with strategic pivots.

    Answer

    CEO Peter Vanacker acknowledged the challenges but pointed to early signs of demand recovery, citing year-over-year demand growth in North American polyethylene and global Propylene Oxide & Derivatives. He emphasized that significant new industry capacity is not expected in the near term and that LYB is well-positioned with its new, efficient assets to capture upside from a recovery.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to LyondellBasell Industries NV (LYB) leadership • Q3 2023

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citi inquired about the performance of the Propylene Oxide (PO) & derivatives business, asking for a breakdown of the quarterly decline between unplanned downtime versus weaker margins, the overall operating rate, and the expected impact of Q4 maintenance.

    Answer

    EVP Aaron Ledet stated that despite challenges, global sales volumes were up 4% year-over-year. He noted that higher US propylene prices limited exports, impacting operating rates, which are guided to 75% for Q4. This Q4 rate is also affected by a planned turnaround at the Bayport facility, which was completed in late October. He expressed long-term optimism for demand recovery but did not expect it in the remainder of the year.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Huntsman Corp (HUN) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Huntsman Corp (HUN) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citi asked for an update on July order book trends and customer conversations in auto and construction following recent tariff implementations. He also questioned the optimism on Chinese supply rationalization given MDI capacity build expectations.

    Answer

    Chairman, President & CEO Peter Huntsman described the current market as 'stable,' noting thin supply chains and just-in-time ordering. Regarding China, he stated it remains Huntsman's most profitable MDI market and is performing well, with Chinese imports to North America having virtually stopped, although imports from Europe have unexpectedly increased.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Huntsman Corp (HUN) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about Huntsman's long-term growth potential and how it might reposition its asset footprint in a more protectionist world. He also requested an update on the spray foam business, including whether it's seeing a similar demand disconnect and if further pressure is expected.

    Answer

    CEO Peter Huntsman stated that Huntsman is well-positioned for a protectionist environment as the vast majority of its sales in North America and Asia are from domestically produced products, reducing the need for a major footprint change. He identified a pickup in North American construction as the biggest potential earnings driver. Regarding spray foam, Huntsman confirmed it is impacted by the slowdown in both new home construction and remodeling. CFO Phil Lister added that the company is rightsizing its spray foam footprint by closing a Canadian facility and consolidating in Texas.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Huntsman Corp (HUN) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham inquired about the scope of Huntsman's restructuring actions, particularly in the downstream business, and the drivers behind the expected margin improvement in the Performance Products segment.

    Answer

    CEO Peter Huntsman explained that restructuring is focused on calibrating the business to customer demand and relocating manufacturing to follow customers out of Europe. He noted that Performance Products' improvement will be driven by a recovery in construction (maleic) and new demand for amines from the semiconductor and agriculture industries, with contributions from the new Conroe, Texas expansion expected later in the year.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Huntsman Corp (HUN) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham questioned the outlook for MDI prices by region in Q4, given that recent price increases were rebuffed, and asked about the impact of raw material declines. He also sought to understand if volume increases in Performance Products were in line with expectations or due to other factors.

    Answer

    Chairman, CEO and President Peter Huntsman stated that Q4 MDI pricing is expected to be flat, with some benefit from lower benzene costs being partially offset by higher natural gas prices. Regarding Performance Products, he noted that while per-pound margins are strong, the main challenge is demand, and he expects typical seasonality to continue.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Linde PLC (LIN) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Linde PLC (LIN) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked for the outlook on the Electronics end market, the reason for its apparent decline, and the expected cadence of new project starts.

    Answer

    CEO Sanjiv Lamba clarified that industrial gas sales to electronics actually grew, and the decline seen in the presentation slide was driven entirely by destocking in the Advanced Materials business, which he expects to correct. He affirmed that the outlook for new electronics projects and start-ups remains healthy and on track with the backlog.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Linde PLC (LIN) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked about the healthcare business, specifically the extent of remaining portfolio rationalization, the timeline to return to long-term growth, and the potential impact of U.S. healthcare deregulation.

    Answer

    Sanjiv Lamba, CEO, noted that the hospital care business maintains steady low-to-mid-single-digit growth. For the U.S. Home Care business, he confirmed that portfolio trimming and technology-driven efficiency improvements are ongoing. He emphasized that portfolio review is a continuous process across all businesses, not a discrete event.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Linde PLC (LIN) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked if the step-up in 2025 CapEx is primarily driven by two large clean energy projects and whether that spending would increase further in 2026.

    Answer

    CEO Sanjiv Lamba confirmed the higher CapEx is a direct result of executing the record $7.1 billion sale of gas backlog. This backlog includes the two large clean energy projects as well as a number of electronics projects, which are collectively driving the increased spending. He did not provide specific guidance for 2026.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Linde PLC (LIN) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked if Linde's capital allocation split would change in the coming years due to larger projects in the backlog, specifically focusing on the outlook for share repurchases.

    Answer

    CFO Matt White stated there will be 'absolutely no change' to the company's long-term capital allocation policy. The priority remains investing in high-quality projects that meet their criteria, with all leftover cash returned via buybacks. Despite higher project CapEx, he expects buybacks to remain consistent next year due to robust excess free cash flow generation.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Eastman Chemical Co (EMN) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Eastman Chemical Co (EMN) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about the implications of reduced capital spending and cost savings for trough earnings levels, and whether the company's view on mid-cycle earnings power has changed given the macroeconomic environment. He also inquired about the ethylene-to-propylene (E2P) investment.

    Answer

    Chairman and CEO Mark Costa explained that the second half of 2025 is not representative of a trough due to significant distortions from the trade situation, which has created demand chaos and pre-buying. He noted that a $75-100 million utilization headwind from inventory reduction also distorts the outlook. For the E2P investment, Mr. Costa detailed that converting an existing cracker to prioritize propylene will structurally improve the Chemical Intermediates business, adding $50-100 million in EBIT over the cycle and reducing earnings volatility.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Eastman Chemical Co (EMN) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about the lower sales guidance for the Renew platform, inquiring about its Q1 contribution, management's confidence in the new forecast, and order book visibility. He also questioned the expected duration of destocking in the Fibers segment and its impact on future contracts.

    Answer

    Mark Costa, Board Chair and CEO, clarified that the Renew guidance reduction stems from tariff-related uncertainty impacting consumer durables markets, not from operational issues or a lack of customer engagement. He stated that the methanolysis operations are performing well and are on track for their cost-related EBITDA goals. For the Fibers segment, Costa attributed the volume decline to prolonged customer destocking as market supply has loosened, but emphasized that underlying market fundamentals and contract pricing remain solid.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Eastman Chemical Co (EMN) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup questioned the impact of consumer weakness on the 2025 methanolysis EBITDA outlook and inquired about the Fibers business, specifically regarding new industry capacity, contract negotiations, and asset repurposing plans.

    Answer

    CEO Mark Costa explained that the slower methanolysis ramp is tied to brands prioritizing cost management over new product launches in a weak economy, but he expects this to reverse as markets stabilize. For the Fibers segment, Costa stated that new Chinese capacity is not a major threat and that Eastman is actively repurposing assets for higher-growth products like Naia and Aventa. He attributed the expected 2025 softness to minor market decline and customer inventory adjustments, not competitive pressure, with utilization rates remaining strong.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Air Products and Chemicals Inc (APD) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Air Products and Chemicals Inc (APD) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citigroup questioned whether recent blue ammonia project announcements by competitors in the Gulf Coast alter the market dynamics or the pool of potential equity partners for Air Products.

    Answer

    CEO Eduardo Menezes responded that the ammonia market is large enough to accommodate multiple projects. He pointed to growing demand for clean ammonia from the Far East and reiterated his belief that blue ammonia from the U.S. Gulf Coast will be highly competitive in Europe, ensuring there is sufficient room for Air Products' project and others.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Air Products and Chemicals Inc (APD) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citigroup inquired about the implications of delaying downstream investment at Neom for the agreement with Total. He also asked about the potential for productivity and price optimization within the core industrial gas business.

    Answer

    CEO Eduardo Menezes clarified that the agreement with Total is for 2030, and the current pause allows time for regulatory frameworks in Europe to develop. In the interim (2027-2030), Air Products will sell the ammonia FOB Saudi Arabia. Regarding the core business, Menezes expressed confidence in raising operating margins from 24% toward 30% through disciplined execution, productivity improvements, and fostering a 'business owner' culture.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Air Products and Chemicals Inc (APD) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citigroup Inc. inquired about the potential impact of tariffs on customer production and asked about the drivers for the sequential decline in interest expense.

    Answer

    Chief Financial Officer Melissa Schaeffer explained that the direct impact of tariffs is likely minimal due to the localized nature of the industrial gas business, but the company is monitoring the macro impact on its customers. She attributed the lower interest expense to the timing of debt draws and capitalized interest, primarily from the NEOM project.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Air Products and Chemicals Inc (APD) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about the expected financial impact on the corporate cost line for 2025 following the divestiture of the LNG business. He also requested an update on the World Energy sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) project, specifically regarding the cause of the permitting delays.

    Answer

    CFO Melissa Schaeffer quantified the LNG divestiture as a 4% or $0.49 per share headwind for FY2025. Chairman, President and CEO Seifi Ghasemi added that productivity actions and growth from other projects would help offset this. Regarding the World Energy project, Mr. Ghasemi explained that permits were challenged by environmental groups, prompting the company to put the project on hold until all permits are fully secured. He noted the relationship with the partner remains excellent, but Air Products is exploring alternatives.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to PPG Industries Inc (PPG) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to PPG Industries Inc (PPG) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi asked about the growth outlook for the Aerospace business over the next few years, considering pricing actions and new capacity additions.

    Answer

    Chairman & CEO Timothy Knavish expressed strong optimism, stating that PPG anticipates 'high single-digit and double-digit growth for the foreseeable future.' This confidence is based on extremely strong forecasts from customers across commercial, military, and general aviation. He highlighted that PPG is investing heavily in both OpEx and CapEx, including a new $380 million factory, to support this sustained demand.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to PPG Industries Inc (PPG) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi asked about the long-term growth outlook for the Aerospace business, considering its strong multi-year performance, pricing actions, and new capacity investments.

    Answer

    CEO Timothy Knavish stated that PPG anticipates "high single digits and double digit" growth for the foreseeable future, supported by extremely strong demand forecasts across commercial, military, and general aviation. He emphasized that PPG is investing heavily in both OpEx and CapEx, including a new $380 million U.S. factory, to capture this sustained growth.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to PPG Industries Inc (PPG) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked about the Industrial Coatings subsegment, inquiring how much of the positive volume was due to share gains and if there was any pre-buying that might mute Q2 sales.

    Answer

    CEO Timothy Knavish confirmed momentum in Industrial Coatings, driven by both delivered share gains from 2024 and some improvement in industrial production in key regions and segments. He highlighted growth in China and India, as well as in the U.S. general finishes market, and described the overall trend as positive momentum going forward.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to PPG Industries Inc (PPG) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about the drivers of performance in the EMEA Architectural Coatings business and the potential catalysts for a recovery in consumer confidence.

    Answer

    CEO Tim Knavish noted that while Q4 was weak, full-year performance was strong in Poland, the U.K., and Ireland, driven by both price and share gains. He is not expecting a sharp recovery in Europe but rather stabilization fueled by easing inflation and potential central bank actions. CFO Vince Morales added that a normalization of the maintenance cycle, which was pulled forward during COVID, should also provide a volume benefit.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to PPG Industries Inc (PPG) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham inquired about the current M&A pipeline, specific target regions or technologies, and whether the recent divestiture means Architectural Coatings M&A is no longer a consideration.

    Answer

    Chairman and CEO Timothy Knavish described the M&A pipeline as having been 'thinner than normal' but noted recent activity. He clarified that while Architectural Coatings M&A is not off the table, PPG would only be interested in acquiring #1 or strong #2 positions, likely not in Europe. He stressed that the primary focus is on organic growth, supplemented by highly targeted, value-accretive acquisitions.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecolab Inc (ECL) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecolab Inc (ECL) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi questioned the modest operating income growth in the Water segment, asking for the source of the 'unfavorable mix' that was cited as a headwind.

    Answer

    Scott Kirkland, CFO, directly attributed the muted OI growth in the Water segment to weakness in the Paper and Basic Industries end markets. He clarified that excluding these two areas, the rest of the Water business saw sales grow 4% and operating income increase by strong double digits.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecolab Inc (ECL) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citi asked for details on the new Ecolab Digital sales disclosure, including anticipated growth rates, margin accretion, and the expected growth mix between software subscriptions and hardware sales.

    Answer

    Christophe Beck, Chairman and CEO, explained that Ecolab Digital, currently a $320 million annualized business, is expected to see accelerating growth. He noted that while margins are not yet disclosed, they are very high. Software subscription revenue is growing much faster than hardware revenue. Beck highlighted the immense opportunity, with over 1 million customer locations and 100,000 connected devices today, most of which are not yet monetized, positioning Ecolab Digital to become a multi-billion dollar business in the mid-term.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecolab Inc (ECL) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham's office asked about the drivers behind the improved performance and positive outlook for Ecolab's Life Sciences business.

    Answer

    Christophe Beck, Chairman and CEO, attributed the momentum to strong long-term market fundamentals in pharma and biotech. He noted that during the recent industry transition, Ecolab gained share by continuing to grow while competitors declined. Beck highlighted that significant investments in new plants, systems, and team capabilities are now yielding positive results, positioning the business for future growth, though the trajectory may not be linear.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Ecolab Inc (ECL) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for an update on the 'One Ecolab' initiative, specifically regarding commercial buy-in, value pricing impact, and feedback from the initial focus on the largest 35 customers.

    Answer

    CFO Scott Kirkland explained the program is focused on accelerating sales growth by better penetrating the largest customers, with cost savings being incidental. CEO Christophe Beck added that the customer reception has been very positive. The new sales approach shows clients the total value they could achieve if all their locations performed like their best one, which directly addresses customer requests for such a partnership model.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Olin Corp (OLN) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Olin Corp (OLN) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citi asked about the significant drop in EDC pricing, which fell below a previously suggested floor, and what provides confidence that a new floor has been established.

    Answer

    President and CEO Ken Lane explained that softer oil prices extended a lifeline to higher-cost Asian producers, allowing them to operate at lower price points than anticipated. He expressed confidence that a floor has now been reached due to stabilizing oil prices and some production curtailments in Asia. However, he cautioned that a meaningful recovery in EDC pricing is contingent on a rebound in global demand, particularly from the housing and real estate sectors.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Olin Corp (OLN) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup Inc. inquired about the sequential volume and price outlook for Olin's Chlor Alkali Products and Vinyls segment, specifically asking for an update on pricing across major derivatives like EDC.

    Answer

    President and CEO Kenneth Lane responded that while EDC pricing remains weak, it is unlikely to fall further as even Asian producers are operating at a loss. He highlighted positive pricing trends for caustic soda heading into Q2, supported by seasonal improvements in both caustic and bleach demand, leading to a positive overall outlook for Chlor Alkali price development.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Olin Corp (OLN) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham requested more detail on the sources of the $40 million in synergies expected from the acquisition of AMMO, Inc.'s assets.

    Answer

    CEO Kenneth Lane detailed that the synergies will come from three main areas: SG&A reductions, significant procurement savings due to Winchester's scale, and manufacturing efficiencies gained by moving niche, high-margin caliber production to the newly acquired, flexible facility. He expressed high confidence in achieving these synergies, especially in procurement.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Olin Corp (OLN) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked if the decline in Winchester's Q3 EBITDA meant core commercial business was down more than reported, given the ramp-up of government projects. He also inquired about the 2025 implications of current Winchester headwinds.

    Answer

    President and CEO Kenneth Lane clarified that the Q3 decline was primarily driven by lower commercial ammunition volumes due to retailer destocking. He noted the Next-Generation Squad Weapon facility project is just now ramping up in Q4. For 2025, Lane indicated that headwinds from higher metal and propellant costs persist, and a recovery in Winchester's earnings depends on a return of consumer demand and retailers working through their excess inventory.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Celanese Corp (CE) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Celanese Corp (CE) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup questioned the drivers of consistent price declines in the Acetyl chain and the success of the downstream optionality model. He also asked for drivers behind the reiterated free cash flow outlook.

    Answer

    CEO & President Scott A. Richardson explained that Acetyls pricing pressure has been more about volume in the West and some margin compression in China, while getting price downstream has been difficult. SVP & CFO Chuck Kyrish and Richardson both affirmed confidence in the $700-$800 million free cash flow guidance, stating it was planned for various demand scenarios. Richardson emphasized that Q2 cash flow was driven by strong operations, not just working capital, and that the inventory reduction journey is sustainable.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Celanese Corp (CE) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham inquired about the success of recent pricing actions across the Engineered Materials portfolio and how the company is balancing significant headcount reductions with the resource needs for its high-impact growth pipeline.

    Answer

    CEO Scott Richardson stated that while some price was achieved in Q1, the sequential price improvement was more related to mix, with further increases expected in Q2. On resource allocation, he affirmed an aggressive approach to cost reduction but emphasized that resources are being strategically focused on high-impact programs to 'major in the majors,' ensuring alignment to support the growth pipeline.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Celanese Corp (CE) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for Celanese's view on the impact of significant new acetyl capacity coming online in 2025 and inquired about incremental benefits from the Clear Lake expansion.

    Answer

    CEO Scott Richardson stated he doesn't see a big change coming in the supply-demand landscape, as the acetyl industry is already operating at an unsustainable level below the cost curve. He noted the team is finding growth in areas like redispersible powders outside of China. Regarding Clear Lake, he confirmed it is at its full run rate, though there have been some offsets from contract resets and a near-term headwind from higher U.S. natural gas costs, which are expected to wane.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Celanese Corp (CE) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup inquired about key growth areas within the project pipeline and asked about the company's commitment to its investment-grade rating, including whether an equity issuance would be considered.

    Answer

    COO Scott Richardson and CEO Lori Ryerkerk identified EVs, Chinese OEMs, and electrical infrastructure as key growth drivers. Regarding the balance sheet, Richardson reaffirmed the commitment to a 3x leverage target, stating the dividend cut was deemed the most prudent path after a review of all options.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to RPM International Inc (RPM) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to RPM International Inc (RPM) leadership • Q4 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citi asked for an analysis of the price-cost dynamic, especially for Q1, and questioned the health of project backlogs in the non-residential construction and performance coatings sectors.

    Answer

    Chairman & CEO Frank Sullivan identified the main Q1 challenge as being in the Consumer segment, citing inflation in metal packaging, propellants, and pigments. He stated that price increases are planned for late summer and early fall to address this. Sullivan confirmed that backlogs for the Construction and Performance Coatings businesses remain 'really strong,' though they face difficult year-over-year comparisons.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dow Inc (DOW) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dow Inc (DOW) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup Inc. questioned if lower equity earnings necessitate further JV restructuring. He specifically asked about the Sadara JV and whether its debt would need reprofiling or a cash infusion from Dow when its principal grace period ends in 2026.

    Answer

    CEO Jim Fitterling acknowledged that JV earnings are down with the market but stated the Kuwait and Thailand JVs have solid balance sheets. Regarding Sadara, he confirmed that a dedicated team is actively working with partner Aramco on refinancing the debt well ahead of the 2026 deadline to mitigate any potential issues, expressing confidence in their current approach.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dow Inc (DOW) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup Inc. asked about the silicones market, questioning if the oversupply from China is improving and whether Dow anticipates taking further actions on its upstream assets.

    Answer

    CEO James Fitterling stated the situation is improving, but slowly. COO Karen S. Carter elaborated that while upstream capacity additions in China have slowed, an oversupply situation persists. She emphasized that Dow's focus remains on its downstream specialties, where demand in markets like electronics and personal care continues to grow significantly above GDP, which should help the market rebalance over time.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Dow Inc (DOW) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked what policy changes would be needed in Europe for Dow to maintain its assets there, and how the company is positioning itself with governments regarding the UN Global Plastics Treaty and potential production caps.

    Answer

    James Fitterling, Chair and CEO, called for European policy to focus on energy competitiveness and adopt a more practical approach to hydrogen, similar to Canada's. Regarding the plastics treaty, he stated there is no global alignment on production caps and that Dow continues to advocate for solutions focused on circularity and pollution control, arguing that plastics offer a superior sustainability footprint.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Sherwin-Williams Co (SHW) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Sherwin-Williams Co (SHW) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked for an update on the residential repaint market, specifically how underlying contractor backlogs and activity levels evolved throughout the second quarter and into July.

    Answer

    Chair, President & CEO Heidi Petz characterized contractor backlogs as stable, with a marginal increase in bid activity. She noted a caveat that project sizes may be getting smaller. While pleased with continued market share gains, she stated the overall market volume remains a challenge and the company is actively helping contractors find new opportunities.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Sherwin-Williams Co (SHW) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citigroup asked for an update on the residential repaint market, specifically how underlying contractor backlogs and activity levels evolved through the second quarter and into July.

    Answer

    CEO Heidi Petz described contractor backlogs as stable, with a marginal increase in bid activity. However, she noted that project sizes may be getting smaller. She reiterated that while the overall market remains soft, Sherwin-Williams is pleased with its ability to continue gaining market share in this environment.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Sherwin-Williams Co (SHW) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked about the drivers of continued strength in residential repaint, including underlying market trends, contractor backlogs, and the impacts of consumer pressure and immigration.

    Answer

    Executive Heidi Petz acknowledged the market is 'flat and certainly choppy' but noted Sherwin-Williams is gaining share due to prior investments. She described contractor backlogs as positive, though for smaller projects. The company's core value proposition addresses labor challenges by providing solutions that help contractors improve productivity and get on and off job sites faster.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Sherwin-Williams Co (SHW) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for the latest thoughts on the M&A pipeline and whether to expect a different focus in 2025, given elevated capital spending and challenging end markets.

    Answer

    CEO Heidi Petz described the company's M&A approach as consistent and disciplined, always evaluating opportunities that could accelerate strategy through technology, brand, or geography. She stressed that while Sherwin-Williams does not need M&A to grow, it will assess attractive opportunities that fit its capital allocation policy.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Sherwin-Williams Co (SHW) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham requested quantification of the hurricane impact in Q3 and sensitivity for Q4, and asked if potential holiday shutdowns in the industrial business were broad-based or concentrated.

    Answer

    Executive Allen Mistysyn stated the Q3 hurricane impact was less than one point on sales and about $0.05 on EPS, noting the Q4 outlook is uncertain due to the timing of recovery. Executive Heidi Petz said industrial shutdowns have been temporary and not widespread so far, though they are monitoring the situation, particularly in heavy equipment and transportation.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to H.B. Fuller Company (FUL) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to H.B. Fuller Company (FUL) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for more details on the unexpected weakness in the electronics end-market, which had previously been a strong category. He also questioned how to think about the progression of price-cost dynamics and the margin profile for the HHC segment, particularly if the volume environment remains stable.

    Answer

    President & CEO Celeste Mastin explained the electronics slowdown was a temporary pause in Asia Pacific exports, but highlighted continued strength in the U.S. and new design wins expected to drive a second-half recovery. Regarding HHC, she confirmed that significant year-over-year margin expansion is expected, driven by back-half loaded benefits from raw material cost reductions, pricing actions, and a favorable mix shift from the growing Medical Adhesives business.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to H.B. Fuller Company (FUL) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham asked for details on the price-cost dynamic, including the magnitude of Q4 raw material inflation and the company's ability to push price in a weak HHC volume environment. He also inquired about the drivers of the strong performance in Construction Adhesives and the volume outlook for the newly formed BAS segment.

    Answer

    CFO John Corkrean quantified the Q4 raw material headwind as a ~$10 million unfavorable surprise versus Q3. CEO Celeste Mastin explained that index pricing lags, and the company expects a ~$55 million net benefit from price/raws in 2025. She attributed strong Construction Adhesives performance to innovation, share gains, and focus on data centers. CFO John Corkrean noted the new BAS segment's growth will be slower as it now includes more cyclical markets like wood and composites.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to H.B. Fuller Company (FUL) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham inquired about the drivers behind lower clean energy sales in the Engineering Adhesives (EA) segment and asked about expectations for the auto and electronics growth rates. He also sought clarification on actions taken to reposition the EA portfolio.

    Answer

    CEO Celeste Mastin explained that the solar business weakness is due to global overcapacity of solar panels, though H.B. Fuller is focusing on new HJT technology. She noted that while auto and electronics growth has slowed from double-digits to solid single-digits, most EA segments still saw positive volume. Mastin confirmed they are strategically retrenching from some parts of the solar market while doubling down on high-value technology partnerships.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Axalta Coating Systems Ltd (AXTA) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Axalta Coating Systems Ltd (AXTA) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham questioned the outlook for second-half growth in the Industrials segment, given negative housing sentiment and tariff impacts.

    Answer

    CFO Carl Anderson clarified that the expected sequential growth is modest. The outlook is supported by continued outperformance in Asia Pacific and stabilization in Europe, which are offsetting weakness in North America. CEO Chrishan Anthon Villavarayan specifically highlighted strong growth in China, driven by the company's Voltatex product line for EVs and other electrical systems.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to FMC Corp (FMC) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to FMC Corp (FMC) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked for more details on customer order patterns, noting that cautious behavior had heavily impacted North American volumes.

    Answer

    CEO Pierre Brondeau confirmed that customers bought closer to the time of use in Q1, slowing order velocity. However, he sees the dynamic improving in Q2, citing Europe as an example where over half the quarter's orders were booked in the first month. He stressed that the overall dynamic is positive, despite FMC's own deliberate actions to manage its channel inventory.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to FMC Corp (FMC) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham of Citigroup asked about the pricing challenges in Latin America and the outlook for incremental incentives to maintain or gain market share in Q4 and into 2025.

    Answer

    Pierre Brondeau, Chairman and CEO, stated that a mid-single-digit price decline is factored into the Q4 forecast for the region. He and Ronaldo Pereira, President, explained the pricing actions are a deliberate strategy to regain market share on traditional products to pre-downturn levels, driven by peer competition rather than new generic pressure.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Albemarle Corp (ALB) leadership

    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Albemarle Corp (ALB) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Rachel, on behalf of Patrick Cunningham from Citi, asked whether strong year-to-date demand was driven by tariff pre-buying and inquired about where future supply curtailments might occur.

    Answer

    CEO Jerry Masters attributed the strong start more to regulatory-driven volume shifts from late 2024 in Europe rather than tariff pre-buying. He suggested future supply curtailments are most likely to come from non-integrated, high-cost hard rock conversion assets, potentially impacting Western players more than Chinese ones.

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    Patrick Cunningham's questions to Albemarle Corp (ALB) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Patrick Cunningham from Citigroup inquired about Albemarle's contract mix, specifically the 50% of volumes not under long-term agreements with floors, and asked about the nature of recent capital expenditure reductions.

    Answer

    CEO Jerry Masters confirmed the 50% of volumes not on floored contracts are largely indexed to spot prices and clarified that the definition of 'contracted' was narrowed to only include agreements with floors. He added that CapEx cuts were initially focused on conversion capacity and have now expanded to resources and sustaining capital to align with market conditions.

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