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    Tal Liani • Bank of America

    Tal Liani's questions to SailPoint Inc (SAIL) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to SailPoint Inc (SAIL) leadership • Q1 2026

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned the magnitude of the full-year ARR guidance raise, noting it was smaller than the Q1 beat and Q2 raise combined, and asked if this implied a second-half slowdown or deal pull-ins.

    Answer

    CFO Brian Carolan clarified that there were no deal pull-forwards. He emphasized looking at ARR on an annual basis, highlighting the 200 basis point raise to the full-year guide, and described the approach as consistent with the company's guidance philosophy.

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    Tal Liani's questions to SailPoint Inc (SAIL) leadership • Q4 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani questioned whether identity can be a standalone platform and if being the incumbent IGA vendor provides a distinct advantage in selling solutions for new identity types like machines and agents.

    Answer

    Founder and CEO Mark McClain affirmed that identity is a platform. He described SailPoint's Atlas platform as having a core set of shared services and a unified data model that enables rapid innovation and integration. This structure provides a key advantage by offering customers a single, integrated view of all identity types—human, machine, and agent—and their access to data, which is a critical customer requirement.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Cisco Systems Inc (CSCO) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Cisco Systems Inc (CSCO) leadership • Q4 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America Corporation asked about the drivers behind the deceleration in services revenue growth to 0% and questioned the sustainability of high networking growth driven by cloud provider spending.

    Answer

    CFO Mark Patterson explained that prior-year services revenue was elevated by professional services for implementing backlogged gear, and he expects services growth to resume following strong product sales. CEO Chuck Robbins expressed confidence in the durability of cloud spending, citing strong CapEx signals from customers and his belief that AI is not a 'fleeting trend'.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Cisco Systems Inc (CSCO) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned whether 2025 could be a peak year for cloud capital expenditures and asked about the potential impact on Cisco if cloud CapEx were to slow down.

    Answer

    CEO Chuck Robbins disagreed that 2025 would be a peak year, pointing to global sovereign cloud initiatives and sustained customer demand. CFO Scott Herren added that the enterprise AI inference opportunity is a significantly larger, multi-year cycle that will follow the current training build-out, suggesting long-term demand.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Cisco Systems Inc (CSCO) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned whether 2025 would represent a peak year for cloud capital expenditures and asked about the potential impact on Cisco if cloud CapEx were to slow down.

    Answer

    CEO Chuck Robbins disagreed that 2025 would be a peak year, citing the global expansion of sovereign cloud strategies and sustained customer demand, suggesting the cycle has many years to run. CFO Scott Herren added that beyond the current cloud training build-out, there is a significantly larger, multi-year opportunity in enterprise AI for inferencing.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Cisco Systems Inc (CSCO) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America inquired about the significant acceleration in cloud and service provider orders, asking for the key drivers and specifics on Cisco's participation across switching, routing, and optical. He also questioned the sustainability of the record-high gross and operating margins reported in the quarter.

    Answer

    CEO Chuck Robbins attributed the order growth to strong performance in telco and a more than 100% increase in web-scale orders from four of the six largest players, driven by both AI infrastructure (over $300M in orders) and traditional cloud needs. CFO Scott Herren explained the 20-year high gross margin was driven by the inclusion of Splunk, favorable product mix, productivity improvements, and a substantial one-time benefit from a duty drawback project. He expects margins to remain in the 68-69% range for the full year.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Fortinet Inc (FTNT) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Fortinet Inc (FTNT) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America inquired about the profile of SASE customers, asking if they are competitive displacements or existing customers, and also asked about the balance between investment and margin upside.

    Answer

    CEO Ken Xie responded that SASE adoption comes from both existing customers enabling the capability and new competitive wins, driven by the value of an integrated "SASE firewall." CFO Christiane Ohlgart confirmed that over 90% of SASE customers come from the existing firewall base. On margins, Xie emphasized their long-term strategy of investing in their own infrastructure to gain a cost and security advantage, which will benefit the company and customers over time.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Fortinet Inc (FTNT) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani asked why the guidance for the upcoming quarter appeared light compared to consensus, especially given expectations for demand pull-forward from end-of-service products and potential tariff impacts.

    Answer

    Founder, Chairman, and CEO Ken Xie stated that Fortinet does not plan to change prices due to tariffs and is exercising caution amid geopolitical uncertainty. CAO and incoming CFO Christiane Ohlgart added that while Q2 started with good momentum and close rates, the guidance reflects a cautious stance based on sales team forecasts in the current macro environment.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Fortinet Inc (FTNT) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani asked for clarification on the weakness in the billings guidance for Q1 and why the strong Q4 product revenue outperformance is not expected to continue.

    Answer

    An unnamed executive noted that Q4 billings upside came from better-than-expected performance in deals between $5 million and $10 million and early enterprise purchasing for the refresh cycle. They explained the Q1 caution is due to potential disruption from recently announced tariffs impacting customer buying habits in Latin America and Canada, as well as potential U.S. government disruption. CEO Ken Xie added that a strategic focus on RPO and ARR can defer some billings to future periods.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Arista Networks Inc (ANET) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Arista Networks Inc (ANET) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned the sustainability of both Arista's growth, linking it to Tomahawk 6, and its high operating margins, suggesting they might alienate customers who have cheaper white box alternatives.

    Answer

    Chairperson & CEO Jayshree Ullal refuted the premise, stating the high operating margin is a result of operational efficiency, not just pricing. She argued that customers pay a premium for Arista's value-add (EOS, support, quality), which reduces their own OpEx. She also clarified that Tomahawk 6 is not delayed and is currently in Arista's labs for future products.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Arista Networks Inc (ANET) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani asked if the current market strength could be the result of customers buying ahead of anticipated tariffs, and whether Arista has the visibility to detect such pull-in behavior.

    Answer

    CEO Jayshree Ullal acknowledged past instances but stated that Arista is now too large to fulfill a massive, market-wide pull-in. She confirmed she is not seeing material pull-ins, only minor order adjustments. Furthermore, she noted a lack of inventory buildup at customers, which would be an indicator of large-scale advance purchasing.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Arista Networks Inc (ANET) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani asked about the drivers behind the 16% growth in the enterprise segment, questioning if it was AI-related, and also requested elaboration on Arista's routing opportunity and differentiation.

    Answer

    CFO Chantelle Breithaupt attributed enterprise growth to increased sales coverage, partner programs, and new logo acquisition, noting that enterprise AI adoption is still in early stages. CEO Jayshree Ullal explained that Arista's routing offering has matured from a software feature to a complete solution with dedicated hardware and a full feature set (MPLS, etc.), enabling it to win deals in large enterprise WANs and with service providers.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Arista Networks Inc (ANET) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani asked about the competitive threat from NVIDIA, particularly following the launch of its Spectrum-X platform and its reported market share gains in data center switching.

    Answer

    CEO Jayshree Ullal positioned NVIDIA as a valuable partner for its GPUs but a competitor in networking. She stated that Arista rarely encounters NVIDIA's Ethernet offerings directly, as NVIDIA's stack is often bundled with InfiniBand. Ullal asserted that Arista is considered the expert in scale-out Ethernet for AI, with a superior portfolio and software, but welcomes the competition.

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    Tal Liani's questions to InterDigital Inc (IDCC) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to InterDigital Inc (IDCC) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America asked for a breakdown of the recurring revenue line, specifically Samsung's contribution in Q2, and sought clarity on the expected trend for recurring revenues based on existing contracts, including the typical impact of renewals.

    Answer

    CFO Richard J. Brezski clarified that Samsung's recurring revenue contribution increased from approximately $20 million to $33 million per quarter. For future trends, he pointed to the Q3 guidance of $136-$140 million as the baseline from existing contracts. CEO Liren Chen added that renewals often result in growth, citing the 67% increase with Samsung and a 15% average increase with Apple as key examples.

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    Tal Liani's questions to InterDigital Inc (IDCC) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned the potential deviation between total revenue growth and Annualized Recurring Revenue (ARR) growth. He also asked about the process for renewing expired contracts, including the $91 million expiring in 2025, and the potential impact of US-China geopolitical tensions.

    Answer

    CFO Rich Brezski clarified that both total revenue and ARR have seen double-digit CAGRs over the past four years, highlighting ARR as a better measure of ongoing earnings power. President and CEO Liren Chen explained that contract expirations are normal and the company aims to renew them ahead of time, often at higher values. He noted the $91 million in 2025 expirations is primarily the Xiaomi contract. On geopolitics, Chen stated that the global, open nature of standards and proactive policy engagement mitigate risks.

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    Tal Liani's questions to InterDigital Inc (IDCC) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani asked about the longer-term outlook for 2025, focusing on potential litigation and significant contract renegotiations on the horizon.

    Answer

    President and CEO Liren Chen stated that the record recurring revenue achieved in 2024 provides a strong starting point for 2025. He identified the Xiaomi contract, which is up for renewal at the end of 2025, as the next major negotiation. CFO Rich Brezski clarified that for the immediate transition into 2025, contract expirations are minimal, with agreements contributing only $17 million of revenue in 2023 set to expire at the end of 2024.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Qualcomm Inc (QCOM) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Qualcomm Inc (QCOM) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America asked about the growth trends and competitive risks in the China handset market, given its rising proportion of revenue. He also questioned the margin implications of the decline in Apple revenue.

    Answer

    CFO & COO Akash Palkhiwala cited the new multi-year Xiaomi agreement as evidence of a strong, sustained position in China. President & CEO Cristiano Amon added that Qualcomm has learned to compete effectively in China over 30 years. On margins, Akash Palkhiwala stated the company is happy with its ~30% EBT margin profile and that growth in auto and IoT will offset the Apple impact, with no change to long-term targets.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Qualcomm Inc (QCOM) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America questioned the sustainability of the strong growth in QCT smartphones, asking if it can continue without overall market growth, and requested an update on China demand.

    Answer

    CFO Akash Palkhiwala explained that growth is sustainable due to rising content-driven ASPs and a structural mix-shift where the premium tier, Qualcomm's stronghold, is growing faster than the overall market. He noted that China's premium tier remains strong, with Qualcomm's customers gaining share and potential upside from new subsidies.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Qualcomm Inc (QCOM) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani asked for an explanation of Qualcomm's strong results, particularly in China, when other vendors have reported weakness, and questioned if the strength could be attributed to inventory build-up rather than true end-market demand.

    Answer

    CEO Cristiano Amon pointed to specific company data, including over 40% sequential handset revenue growth with Chinese OEMs in the Q1 guide and 20% year-over-year Android revenue growth in fiscal '24. He attributed this outperformance to a strong product roadmap, increasing content per device, an expanding premium tier, and a normalized inventory environment.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Check Point Software Technologies Ltd (CHKP) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Check Point Software Technologies Ltd (CHKP) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America questioned why growth has not accelerated despite new initiatives, asking about the primary challenges preventing it and where the company's focus lies to drive future acceleration.

    Answer

    CEO Nadav Zafrir acknowledged that the shift is not an overnight process and requires investment. He identified three key focus areas to drive growth: improving go-to-market execution for the short term, making heavy investments in AI for the medium term, and fostering a culture of execution and urgency for the long term.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Check Point Software Technologies Ltd (CHKP) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani posed a high-level question about the strategy and timeline to achieve sustainable double-digit growth, noting that the current firewall refresh cycle is temporary.

    Answer

    CEO Nadav Zafrir agreed, identifying the newly formed Workforce division (built on Avanan) as a key vector for non-firewall growth. He outlined a multi-pronged strategy including reinvigorating go-to-market, being more vocal, focusing on the Hybrid Mesh platform, and pursuing strategic M&A to reach the goal of sustainable double-digit growth.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Check Point Software Technologies Ltd (CHKP) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America inquired about Check Point's position on vendor financing and questioned what strategic elements are needed for the company to break out of mid-single-digit growth and achieve a sustainable double-digit growth rate.

    Answer

    CFO Roei Golan and CEO Gil Shwed explained that while they don't offer formal financing, the Infinity platform provides customers with flexible billing terms, leveraging the company's strong cash position. They identified key growth drivers as continued investment, the Infinity platform's adoption, and the expansion of SASE offerings, which they believe position the company for future growth acceleration.

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    Tal Liani's questions to CrowdStrike Holdings Inc (CRWD) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to CrowdStrike Holdings Inc (CRWD) leadership • Q1 2026

    Question

    Tal Liani inquired about the divergence between revenue and ARR growth, asking why the CCP program impacts revenue but not ARR, and what factors drive the expected ARR acceleration in the second half.

    Answer

    CFO Burt Podbere explained that the revenue impact stems from the amortization of a limited partner program related to CCP success, an accounting treatment under ASC 606. He attributed the confidence in back-half ARR reacceleration to strong momentum in key products like Next-Gen SIEM, identity, and cloud, the success of the Falcon Flex model, and CrowdStrike's overall position as a platform consolidator.

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    Tal Liani's questions to CrowdStrike Holdings Inc (CRWD) leadership • Q4 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani pointed out that growth from existing customers appeared to decline during the year, impacting the Net Retention Rate (NRR), and asked about the company's ability to drive NRR higher again.

    Answer

    CFO Burt Podbere responded that the Customer Commitment Program (CCP) had an impact and that dollar-based net retention (DBNR) is a 'noisy metric' the company does not manage to. He explained that large, long-term deals facilitated by Falcon Flex can pressure DBNR in the short term but are beneficial for the business overall. He also highlighted the expanding base of new logos as another key growth dynamic.

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    Tal Liani's questions to CrowdStrike Holdings Inc (CRWD) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani questioned the cautious Q4 outlook, suggesting that since the July incident is further in the past, Q4 performance should logically be better than Q3.

    Answer

    CFO Burt Podbere reiterated several headwinds impacting Q4 visibility. These include the delayed pipeline generation from the weeks following the incident, continued extended sales cycles, and the ongoing deployment of Customer Commitment Packages (CCPs), which can mute upsell rates. He also noted uncertainty around whether customers will continue to favor product add-ons over extended contract time, maintaining the estimated $30 million impact for Q4.

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    Tal Liani's questions to CrowdStrike Holdings Inc (CRWD) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani questioned the platform consolidation thesis, citing a competitor's view that customers might now prefer vendor diversification, and asked for evidence of customers' continued appetite for more modules. He also requested clarification on the full-year EPS guidance.

    Answer

    CEO George Kurtz countered that customers do not want to revert to a patchwork of products, as adversaries exploit the gaps between them, and they remain focused on consolidation. CFO Burt Podbere added that the full-year EPS guidance was calculated consistently with Q3, factoring in revenue headwinds from customer commitment packages.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Zscaler Inc (ZS) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Zscaler Inc (ZS) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America requested a breakdown of the quarter's strength between scheduled billings and new products, citing the decline in the dollar-based net retention rate (NRR) and asking about the underlying trends in core versus emerging products.

    Answer

    CFO Remo Canessa reported strong unscheduled billings growth of 28% YoY, with scheduled billings growth in the low 20% range, as expected. He described the 114% NRR as "outstanding" and reiterated that selling larger initial bundles can lower the metric. CEO Jay Chaudhry added that other metrics like the 40% growth in new logo ARR are exceptionally strong, making NRR a less critical focus for them.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Zscaler Inc (ZS) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani requested a practical breakdown of the 'Zero Trust' concept into products sold for branch and cloud, and asked how this focus alters the competitive landscape compared to SASE.

    Answer

    CEO Jay Chaudhry sharply distinguished Zero Trust from SASE, defining Zero Trust as the elimination of lateral threat movement. For branches, this means replacing firewalls and SD-WANs with a direct, secure connection to the Zscaler exchange. For cloud, it means workloads communicate via the exchange, not a network, removing the need for cloud firewalls. He identified the competition as legacy vendors of firewalls, NAC, and VLANs.

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    Tal Liani's questions to SentinelOne Inc (S) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to SentinelOne Inc (S) leadership • Q1 2026

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America posed a strategic question about why SentinelOne is growing at a similar rate to its much larger competitor and what is needed for the company to accelerate its growth.

    Answer

    CEO Tomer Weingarten responded by highlighting the company's high rate of new logo acquisition compared to incumbents. He expressed confidence that future cybersecurity requirements will favor SentinelOne's AI-led platform, emphasizing that the company is focused on its own path in a large market.

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    Tal Liani's questions to SentinelOne Inc (S) leadership • Q4 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani inquired about the drivers for the below-consensus guidance, asking for a quantification of the revenue impact from the deception product retirement.

    Answer

    Fatima Boolani (Investor Relations) quantified the impact as a ~$10 million churn headwind to net new ARR for FY26 (with about half in Q1) and a roughly one-percentage-point headwind to full-year revenue growth. Tomer Weingarten (CEO) added that the guidance is a prudent starting point that factors in market unknowns and strategic shifts, with the goal being to overachieve.

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    Tal Liani's questions to SentinelOne Inc (S) leadership • Q3 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani asked about the importance of vendor financing in the current market and requested clarification on the expected magnitude of net new ARR for Q4.

    Answer

    CEO Tomer Weingarten stated that there is no significant demand for vendor financing, as it's typically handled by channel partners. He noted SentinelOne's focus is on delivering current capabilities, not financing future consumption. Regarding Q4, he reiterated the expectation for positive year-over-year net new ARR growth in the second half of the year, maintaining the current momentum.

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    Tal Liani's questions to F5 Inc (FFIV) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to F5 Inc (FFIV) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani of Bank of America asked why new software products didn't drive growth in a quarter with a weak renewal base, questioning if growth is solely dependent on renewal accounting. He also asked for the expected timing of when AI will become a notable growth driver for F5.

    Answer

    EVP and CFO Cooper Werner clarified that the subscription model is designed for the growing renewal base to be the primary long-term growth driver, fueled by new sales and expansions. President and CEO François Locoh-Donou asserted that AI is already driving revenue today, particularly in data delivery, and that the opportunity is durable and growing, supported by new innovations like the AI Gateway.

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    Tal Liani's questions to F5 Inc (FFIV) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned the software business drivers, asking why growth from new products isn't more visible in quarters with weak renewals, and if this implies growth is solely dependent on the renewal cycle. He also asked about the timing for when AI will become a notable growth driver for F5.

    Answer

    CFO Cooper Werner explained that the subscription model's maturity means the growing renewal base is the primary long-term growth driver, with new business adding to that future base. CEO François Locoh-Donou stated that F5 is already driving revenue from AI today, particularly in data delivery, and that some hardware strength is likely driven by customers preparing for AI. He emphasized that with new innovations like the AI Gateway, the opportunity is current and will grow durably over time.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Ciena Corp (CIEN) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Ciena Corp (CIEN) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America asked about the specific applications driving WaveLogic growth, details on the pluggables business including the 400G vs. 800G mix, and the recent trends in the services business.

    Answer

    Executive Adviser Scott McFeely detailed that WaveLogic demand is driven by cloud and AI traffic across long-haul, metro DCI, and soon, campus networks. CFO Jim Moylan noted that the services business grows roughly in line with the optical business, with recent strength from helping cloud providers with network builds. CEO Gary Smith added that an uptick in installation services is a positive indicator of network build-outs.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Ciena Corp (CIEN) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani inquired about the margin impact of a potentially higher mix of pluggables in cloud orders and asked what is driving network deployments for cash-constrained carriers.

    Answer

    CFO Jim Moylan acknowledged that current pluggable margins are slightly below average but expects them to improve with higher volumes and the introduction of next-gen WaveLogic 6 Nano products. Executive Adviser Scott McFeely added that the primary margin headwind from cloud builds is the high volume of initial line system deployments. CEO Gary Smith explained that carrier spending is not expected to accelerate dramatically but rather to recover to a balanced state after underinvestment, with growth driven by specific cloud-related opportunities like MOFN and multi-cloud connectivity.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Ciena Corp (CIEN) leadership • Q3 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani asked for a long-term view on the cloud opportunity, questioning if growth will accelerate and if Ciena will expand into new parts of the network. He also asked for the strategic rationale behind entering the competitive broadband access market.

    Answer

    CFO Jim Moylan affirmed that webscalers will likely grow as a percentage of Ciena's business and that the company will expand into new areas like short-reach metro with its pluggables. Executive Adviser Scott McFeely justified the broadband entry by explaining that network evolution is playing to Ciena's strengths, with coherent optics becoming necessary. He noted Ciena's vertical integration, innovative architecture, and existing customer base make it a strong challenger, with current margins in line with the corporate average.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Palo Alto Networks Inc (PANW) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Palo Alto Networks Inc (PANW) leadership • Q2 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani asked for an explanation of the pressure on gross and operating margins during the quarter and the outlook for the remainder of the year.

    Answer

    CFO Dipak Golechha explained the pressure was primarily on gross margin, resulting from the rapid growth of newer, less mature SaaS offerings and a one-time inventory write-off that will not recur. CEO Nikesh Arora added that despite this 40 basis point one-time impact, the company still outperformed both internal and external operating margin expectations.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Amdocs Ltd (DOX) leadership

    Tal Liani's questions to Amdocs Ltd (DOX) leadership • Q1 2025

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America asked for a breakdown of the 1.7% pro forma growth to understand its components and what could drive sustainable, higher growth in the future. He also requested details on trends within Amdocs' largest customers, including project cycles.

    Answer

    CFO & COO Tamar Rapaport-Dagim pointed to leading indicators like the 3.5% constant currency backlog growth and sequential revenue guidance as signs of accelerating growth. She stated the pickup is driven by new deal ramp-ups, double-digit cloud growth, and emerging GenAI activities. For large customers, she highlighted diversification across buying centers (e.g., AT&T), geographic expansion (e.g., NTT in Japan), and growth with other key clients like Bell Canada, emphasizing a broad base beyond the top two names.

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    Tal Liani's questions to Amdocs Ltd (DOX) leadership • Q4 2024

    Question

    Tal Liani from Bank of America questioned the telco spending environment for 2025, given that core growth remains steady after divestitures. He also asked if cloud growth is merely substituting legacy revenue and requested a clearer definition of Amdocs' cloud activities and its partnerships with cloud providers.

    Answer

    CEO Shuky Sheffer stated the demand environment is expected to be similar to 2024—not deteriorating but not yet recovering. He clarified that while some cloud activity replaces on-premise services, it's not entirely substitutional and often expands scope. He defined cloud activities as ranging from full modernizations on AWS or Azure to gradual migrations. CFO Tamar Rapaport-Dagim added that strong managed services renewals position Amdocs well for an eventual demand acceleration.

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