Bowhead Specialty Holdings - Earnings Call - Q3 2025

Executive Summary

• Bowhead delivered another strong quarter with revenue of $143.9M and diluted EPS of $0.45; adjusted diluted EPS was $0.47. Both revenue and EPS exceeded S&P Global consensus, marking a beat on top and bottom lines (consensus EPS $0.41; revenue $140.8M)*.
• Gross written premiums grew 17.5% year over year to $231.5M, driven by 20.4% growth in Casualty and continued scaling of Baleen Specialty to $6.2M (+83% q/q).
• Underwriting metrics were solid: loss ratio rose modestly to 65.9% (from 64.5% YoY) due to mix and prior accident-year audit premium effects; expense ratio improved to 29.5% (-40 bps YoY) as technology investments drove operating leverage; combined ratio was 95.4%.
• Net investment income increased 31% YoY to $15.0M on higher balances and yields; diluted book value per share rose to $12.75 (+16% from year-end).
• Management highlighted continued discipline in Casualty and selective growth in Healthcare; reiterated technology-enabled efficiency gains; and indicated plans to access non-equity capital by year-end, a potential stock reaction catalyst for funding growth while avoiding dilution.

What Went Well and What Went Wrong

What Went Well

• Strong growth and beat: Adjusted diluted EPS $0.47 and revenue $143.9M beat consensus; GWP up 17.5% YoY with Casualty +20.4% and Baleen ramp to $6.2M. S&P Global consensus: EPS $0.408, revenue $140.829M*.
• Operating leverage: Expense ratio improved to 29.5% (-40 bps YoY) driven by automation, workflow, and data integration; management expects continued improvement as technology scales.
• Investment income tailwind: Net investment income rose 30.9% YoY to $15.0M on higher balances and yields; portfolio AA-rated, duration 2.9 years.

Key quotes:

• CEO: “Gross written premiums… grew 17.5% year-over-year and adjusted net income grew 25.5%… These results are a testament to our disciplined approach to underwriting [and] expansion of our ‘craft’ and ‘flow’ underwriting operations”.
• COO: “Our expense ratio improved 40 basis points year over year… we streamlined submission intake, enriched underwriting data… [and] expect continued improvement”.

What Went Wrong

• Loss ratio drift: Loss ratio increased 1.4 pts YoY to 65.9%, with +0.3 pt current accident-year mix effect (more Casualty) and +1.1 pt from audit premiums assigned to prior accident years (non-adverse reserve development).
• Acquisition cost pressure: Net acquisition ratio rose, driven by increased ceding fee to American Family and broker commissions due to portfolio mix; partly offset by other insurance-related income.
• Competitive pockets: Professional Liability (financial institutions, large cyber) remains challenging; construction project activity decelerating amid macro uncertainties (rates, materials, labor, government shutdown).

Transcript

Operator (participant)

Hello and welcome to Bowhead Specialty's Q3 2025 earnings call. After the prepared remarks, we will hold a question-and-answer session. For those in the Q&A room, please use the raise hand function at the bottom of your Zoom screen to join the question queue. You can do this at any time, and your questions will be addressed during the Q&A session. Also, as a reminder, this conference is being recorded. If you have any objections, please disconnect at this time. With that, I would like to turn the call over to Shirley Yap, Head of Investor Relations. Shirley, you may begin.

Shirley Yap (Chief Accounting Officer and Head of Investor Relations)

Thanks, Operator. Good morning and welcome to Bowhead's Third Quarter 2025 earnings conference call. I'm Shirley Yap, Bowhead's Chief Accounting Officer and Head of Investor Relations. Joining me today are Stephen Sills, our Chief Executive Officer; Brad Mulcahey, our Chief Financial Officer; and Steve Feltner, our Chief Operating Officer. Before we jump into our performance and financial highlights, I wanted to introduce a new format we plan to use for today's call and going forward. Each quarter, we plan to invite an additional member of our management team to share insights from their area of expertise. Today, we are joined by Steve Feltner, our Chief Operating Officer, who will discuss our technology initiatives and other efficiencies that are enabling us to scale profitably while growing rapidly across market cycles. Turning to our performance, earlier this morning, we released our financial results for the third quarter of 2025.

You can find our earnings release in the Investor Relations section of our website. Our Form 10-Q will also be made available on our website later this evening. I'd like to remind everyone that this call contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Investors should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. These statements are made only as of the date of this call and are based on management's current expectations and beliefs. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these statements. You should review the risks and uncertainties fully described in our SEC filings. We expressly disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statement except as required by law. Additionally, we will be referencing certain non-GAAP financial measures on this call.

Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to their respective most directly comparable GAAP measure can be found in the earnings release we issued this morning and in the Investor Relations section of our website. With that, it's my pleasure to turn the call over to Stephen Sills.

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Thank you, Shirley. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for taking the time to join our call today. I'm pleased to share that Bowhead, once again, delivered consistent, strong top and bottom line growth in Q3. Gross written premiums increased 17.5% year over year, while adjusted net income increased 25.5%. Diluted adjusted earnings per share increased 23.7% to $0.47 a share. These results are a testament to our disciplined approach to underwriting, the continued expansion of our craft and flow underwriting operations, and our commitment to operational excellence. Starting with GWP, Bowhead generated approximately $232 million in gross written premiums during the third quarter. Our casualty division grew 20% to $145 million for the quarter. We believe the most favorable segment in the marketplace today is excess casualty business. Our excess casualty book was the primary driver of our 20% growth.

Given the recent industry adverse reserve development reported in casualty lines, I wanted to take a moment to revisit the two key areas we believe set us apart from the markets experiencing these challenges. First, our timing. We launched our casualty division at the end of 2020, giving us the opportunity to capitalize on the hardening E&S casualty market. While legacy carriers were grappling with pre-2020 losses, we entered a market being able to properly price business. A market that could be characterized by compounded rate increases, stronger terms and conditions, and lower average limit deployment. Second, our discipline. We are highly selective in the casualty risks we write and equally intentional about the risks we choose to avoid. In our business, picking winners is not as important as avoiding losers.

Our casualty division offers specialized primary and excess general liability coverage through a wholesale-only distribution channel, focusing on the construction, distribution, manufacturing, real estate, and public entity segments. Our casualty division rarely writes Fortune 1000 business, which we believe has historically been underpriced. We also do not write primary commercial auto business, as well as many of the other classes that have been the source of adverse reserve development for others over the past several years. Although we have auto exposure on our excess follow-form policies, we believe we appropriately price for this risk. With the timing of our casualty division launch, the specialized products we offer, the risks we deliberately avoid, and our disciplined underwriting approach, we believe we have built a casualty underwriting operation positioned for profitable and sustainable growth.

Turning to our healthcare liability division, our premiums increased 11% to $35 million, driven by the growth in our healthcare management liability, hospitals, and senior care portfolios. As we review both new and renewal submissions, we remain disciplined. When an account's conditions no longer meet our underwriting standards, we're prepared to let other carriers write those accounts. In our professional liability division, premiums increased 2% to $46 million for the quarter, driven by the growth in commercial public D&O and cyber liability. This growth was partially offset by the decline in premiums written in our financial institutions portfolio, a sector we highlighted last quarter that suffers from an overabundance of competitors. The growth in our cyber liability portfolio was made possible by utilizing the technology driving Baleen's growth.

Speaking of Baleen, we're pleased to report that we generated $6.2 million in premium during the quarter, which was 83% growth from Q2 and exceeded total premiums written by Baleen in the first half of 2025. We're excited about the momentum we've achieved in the third quarter and look forward to reporting Baleen's continued strong growth in Q4. Turning to our views on the broader E&S market, I wanted to address the September E&S stamping data that came out of California, Florida, and Texas. Together, these top E&S states reported a 1% decline in overall E&S premiums during the third quarter. However, the decline was primarily driven by the decrease in E&S property premiums, which, as I've mentioned in the past, is a segment that Bowhead does not participate in.

E&S casualty premiums, which are more relevant to Bowhead, continued to grow during the quarter, and we expect this trend to persist as complex risks continue to move into the E&S market. During the quarter, in casualty, we saw markets maintaining discipline in their deployment of limits and pricing, with carriers reporting recent adverse reserve development from prior accident years and increasing current accident year loss picks in casualty. We do not expect to see limits going back up or an across-the-board price drop anytime soon. Further, the Everest AIG renewal rights deal should create an opportunity for the industry to re-underwrite a large segment of the business. Turning to the E&S construction project sector, we've seen a deceleration of new large residential projects due to the uncertainty around interest rates, building materials, and labor costs.

We're also seeing delays in infrastructure projects that receive public financing due to the government shutdown. The healthcare liability market continues to be a competitive sector, but we've seen encouraging developments in a couple of areas. First, our reputation within the healthcare industry is generating increased opportunities for us. Second, we're starting to see exclusions for sexual abuse and molestation gain traction. In professional liability, similar to last quarter, with the exception of commercial public D&O, we're continuing to see challenging market conditions, particularly in the financial institutions and large cyber liability account space. As we mentioned earlier in the call, we're utilizing the technology driving Baleen's growth to cost-effectively underwrite small and middle market cyber liability accounts, a space we believe to be very favorable. Finally, last quarter, I made a statement that I was confident that we can get our expense ratio below 30%.

I'm proud to say that we achieved an expense ratio of 29.5% during the quarter. We're using technology to do more than streamlined processes. It's helping us enhance decision-making, improve risk selection, and support our distribution partners more effectively. In other words, we're managing expenses while also accelerating top-line growth. Leading the charge in this area is Steve Feltner, our Chief Operating Officer. I'd like to now turn the call over to Steve to discuss these initiatives. Steve.

Steve Feltner (COO)

Thanks, Stephen. Good morning, everyone. Our expense ratio improved 40 basis points year over year, reflecting continued benefits from automation, workflow optimization, and sharper execution. We have streamlined submission intake, enriched underwriting data from third-party sources, and enabled underwriters to more effectively triage opportunities. We have achieved this by delivering the information they need by the time they open the file. We are also optimizing our rating experience. For underwriters, it means efficient data integration and a clearer view of how each risk fits into the broader portfolio. For actuaries, it simplifies model development and maintenance, freeing up time to collaborate more closely with underwriters. In claims, we are developing a system that will process incoming claims, provide initial assessments, and help triage workload, allowing our claims professionals to focus where human judgment adds the most value.

Our approach to operating leverage is about building a foundation that scales efficiently as we grow. We expect continued improvement in our operating expense ratio as we leverage the technology investments we have made over the past 18 months in our core functions. We want to grow premium without a commensurate increase in expense. That is the essence of sustainable profitability and long-term shareholder value. Bowhead has already made great strides in capturing efficiency gains, and we look forward to continuing our progress as we move through the quarters and years ahead. With that, I will turn the call over to Brad. Brad.

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Thanks, Steve. Bowhead generated adjusted net income of $15.8 million or $0.47 per diluted share and adjusted return on average equity of 15.1% for the third quarter of 2025. Our strong results were driven by top and bottom line growth. Gross written premiums increased approximately 18% to $232 million for the quarter. As Stephen mentioned, we achieved growth in each of our divisions, with casualty continuing to be the largest driver and Baleen generating $6.2 million in premiums in the quarter. Turning to our loss ratio, the story is the same as the past. First, as a reminder, since we're writing long-tail lines with a short history of losses, when setting our loss reserves, we're heavily reliant on industry-observed loss information over our own internal data. This reliance is evident in our high ratio of IBNRs and percentage of total reserves, which was 88.2% at the end of the quarter.

Second, product mix continues to affect our industry-reliant loss ratio because casualty products naturally have higher current accident year loss ratio assumptions. Since these products make up an ever larger portion of our net earned premium, our loss ratio has been trending higher. This mix change had the effect of increasing our current accident year loss ratio by 30 basis points from 64.5% in Q3 of last year to 64.8% this quarter. As I mentioned in the past few earnings calls, the change in our prior accident year loss ratio is simply due to IBNR booked on audit premiums that were billed and fully earned in the current quarter, but related to policies from prior accident years. This is not based on actual losses settling for more than reserved and does not represent an increase in estimated reserves on unresolved claims.

We are simply putting loss reserves into the appropriate accident year, regardless of when the premiums are billed and earned. As we continue to grow and our history continues to develop, we expect the impact of the audit premiums to be less pronounced on our prior accident year reserves. As a result, our loss ratio for the quarter was 65.9%, a 1.4-point increase from 64.5% year over year. As we already mentioned, our expense ratio for the quarter was 29.5%, a decrease of 40 basis points year over year. The decrease was driven by the reduction in our operating expense ratio from the continued scaling of our business, as well as the prudent management of our expenses. There was also an increase in our other insurance-related income that contributed to the reduction in our expense ratio from last year.

These favorable improvements were partially offset by the increase in our net acquisition ratio, specifically the increase in the fee we pay to American Family and, to a lesser extent, increasing brokerage commissions due to portfolio mix. As we mentioned last quarter, we expect the increased fee we pay to American Family to be offset by the continued scaling of our business and the prudent management of our expenses. Overall, the loss ratio and expense ratio contributed to a combined ratio of 95.4% for the quarter. Turning to our investment portfolio, net investment income increased 31% year over year to $15 million for the quarter, primarily due to higher balance of investments and higher yields on invested assets. Our investment portfolio had a book yield of 4.8% and a new money rate of 4.6% at the end of the quarter.

The average credit quality of our investment portfolio remained at AA, and our average duration was 2.9 years at the end of the quarter. We expect net investment income to grow in the future as the balance of our investment portfolio continues to grow. Total equity was $431 million, giving us a diluted book value per share of $12.75 at the end of the quarter, an increase of 16% from year-end. Lastly, we announced earlier in the year that we would assess our capital needs and the appropriate source of capital based on our growth in 2025. Since we're growing faster than we anticipated at the time of the IPO and have available debt capacity in our capital structure, we are planning to access capital through resources other than the equity markets by the end of the year. With that, we'll turn the call over for questions.

Operator (participant)

Thank you. If you would like to ask a question, we ask that you please use the raise hand function at the bottom of your Zoom screen. Once called upon, please unmute your audio to ask your question. As a reminder, we are allowing analysts one question and a relevant follow-up. We will pause for a moment to allow questioners to enter the queue. Our first question is from Meyer Shields from Keefe, Bruyette & Woods. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Meyer Shields (Analyst)

I'm hoping you can hear me. Good morning. Stephen, I was hoping for a little bit more color on, I guess, what we had talked about as maybe some green shoots in the various D&O and cyber markets. You talked a little bit about growth, but I was hoping for a bigger picture of how pricing for those product lines is evolving.

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Sure. Pretty much flat, maybe a little bit up, but it's still highly competitive and certainly a lot more competitive than what we're seeing in the casualty space and what we're seeing in the hospital space and the senior living space. It's not an area that we're seeing or looking for big growth anytime soon. As I mentioned before, the financial institution space, which a few years back used to be viewed as kind of rarefied air. If there were 50 commercial D&O markets, there were maybe 20 financial institution markets. Now, for some reason, I think a lot of people are piling into that space. I think it was last quarter or the quarter before I mentioned a private equity firm that had a tower loss, and they ended up securing a decrease on their renewal, and we stepped away from it. It's still very competitive.

I would not look for big growth from us in that space.

Meyer Shields (Analyst)

Okay. That's very helpful. Moving to healthcare. Are there markets for the sexual molestation cover that's being excluded? Is that something that Bowhead is interested in?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

There is some talk of that with lower limits. That's been the source of some very serious, very large claims on a lot of healthcare systems. For the most part, it's not totally excluded everywhere now. The market is starting to accept an exclusion in that space going forward. I think there will be some markets available, I believe, offering lower limits for that SAM coverage.

Meyer Shields (Analyst)

Great. Thank you so much.

Operator (participant)

Our next question comes from Daniel Lee at Morgan Stanley. Please unmute your line and ask your question. Daniel?

Daniel Lee (Analyst)

Sorry, can you hear me?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Now we can.

Daniel Lee (Analyst)

Hey, sorry. Hey, this is Dan on for Bob. Thanks for taking my question. I guess I wanted to ask first on growth overall. I know the construction projects book was a driver.

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Daniel, you cut out.

Daniel Lee (Analyst)

Hey, can you hear me?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Now we can again.

Daniel Lee (Analyst)

Sorry. My first question is just on growth for the casualty business. I know the construction projects book was a driver for top line previously, but given the construction market feels softer now, except for maybe data centers, can you talk about business opportunities going forward with that construction?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

You're right. There is expected growth in the data center space. I'm not sure how much we'll participate in that because some of the terms and conditions that are being looked for are things that we may not find favorable, whether in terms of reinstatement of limits or things like that. There will be plenty of other construction projects. We think that once the government shutdown ends, it'll shake loose funds for projects that were planned. We still think that there's going to be plenty of opportunity in the future. One of the things, of course, we are concerned about is by planning too much in doing project business, it becomes very, very lumpy. We're available when the opportunities come, but it's less predictable in terms of future opportunities. We do see the practice policies. We see opportunities there, and the construction will come. It's just going to be lumpy.

Daniel Lee (Analyst)

Got it. Thank you. My second question is more on Baleen. As we head into 2026 and Baleen continues to ramp up, will you pursue more wholesale partnerships to kind of expand the distribution network or maybe potentially new product lines that you may consider adding for Baleen?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

The question was adding. Yeah, we'll keep it a couple of things. Let me talk around the whole subject. Baleen, at the current time, is wholesale only. We started out with a limited number of wholesalers. There will be opportunities to add more wholesalers down the road. Just as important as what we're doing with Baleen itself is the technology that we're using, that technology, that products that we're going to be using that for in the future and even what we're using it for right now. Keep in mind, it enabled us to go almost virtually no touch in some very small business. That's a lot of what we're seeing right now. That technology is enabling us to leverage our underwriting capabilities in risks that's starting to become a little bit larger, a little bit more complex. One area that that's happening is in the small cyber space.

Companies we started out with, companies less than $25 million in revenue, now moving up to $50 million in revenue, that are now virtually no touch. Whereas an underwriter, by the time they started to look through all the material, the file gets set up. It took a certain amount of time, and we just didn't have the resources to be able to do that. What we're able to do now is leverage underwriters that are compensated less than the highest-paid people in the company and enable them to spend a few minutes on the account to get underwritten and quoted.

We think that once we extend that into areas beyond cyber, such as small casualty business, where we actually get hundreds, not thousands, of submissions that are just too small for our appetite and capabilities today, we're ultimately, and not too long in the future, be able to start underwriting those in very short order.

Daniel Lee (Analyst)

Got it. Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Our next question is from Cave Montazeri at Deutsche Bank. You may unmute your line and ask your question.

Cave Montazeri (Analyst)

All right. Hopefully, the unmute worked. Good morning. My first question, maybe I'll take a fact that Steve is on the line right now and ask on the operating expense ratio. Thank you for the caller on the call about the technology advancements that you're putting through to help on that front. How much of the improvement, the operating expense ratio this quarter was kind of due to these efficiencies, the technology-driven improvement? Where do you think that operating expense ratio can go to in 2026, 2027, or over the medium term?

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Hey, Kave. This is Brad. Maybe I'll take a stab first at some of your trajectory questions and hand it over to Steve to give some more color. Thanks for joining us and initiating coverage recently on us. It's really hard, as you can imagine, to parse out how much of the efficiency gains is driving the expense ratio. We are comfortable that that's what's driving it. Obviously, we've got the American Family fee going up. We've got commissions pretty steady, going up maybe a little bit. There's some puts and takes in there. When we look at our staff costs in particular, there's no doubt that that is driving some savings into our expense ratio because of these efficiencies that Steve mentioned. Hopefully that helps. Maybe I'll hand it over to Steve. Do you want to get some color on those efficiencies?

Steve Feltner (COO)

Yeah, sure. I'd love to. Thanks, Cave, for the question. Some of these initiatives we have in place, others are coming and we're working on in progress. I think as we continue down this road, the efficiencies will be had by the underwriters and other core functions. As Brad mentioned, we'll continue to see the influence of that on our operating expense ratio as we go forward. We're kind of in this stage now where we're taking our processes and procedures up to industrial strength so we can continue to scale efficiently in the quarters and years ahead.

Cave Montazeri (Analyst)

Okay. My follow-up question, Brad, is for you. Right at the end of your prepared remarks, you mentioned that you will need to tap the equity market to fund growth for 2026. Could you maybe give us a bit more color, just given that your net premium to equity is already above 1.2x? Are you thinking about getting some kind of a debt that has equity-like features?

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Still TBD. I don't want to get into too many details on that. I think what we are comfortable with is we're not going to go to the equity markets to raise equity on this. We do think that net premium to surplus ratio will continue the trajectory under one for the next couple of years. Stay tuned on the exact details of what we're looking at.

Cave Montazeri (Analyst)

Okay. Thanks for that.

Operator (participant)

Our next question comes from Pablo Singzon at J.P. Morgan. You may unmute your line and ask your question.

Pablo Singzon (Analyst)

Hi. Can you hear me?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Yes.

Pablo Singzon (Analyst)

Okay. Thanks. First question, I wanted to get an update on your medium-term view of gross premium growth, right? Eighteen percent this quarter, so a good number. It is off a tough comp in 2024, but it is slower than the high 20s you were putting up in the first half of the year. Any thoughts, and recognizing that you do not write property, right? That is good. Any thoughts there? I guess a related question to that. As you grow the premium book, how much incremental expense do you need to add, right? Here I am thinking more about underwriting teams to generate the growth you anticipate. Thanks.

Stephen Sills (CEO)

We're always on the lookout for places where we can grow in terms of new opportunities. We did that with environmental last year. That's slowly growing. Back to the technology for one second, that's an area where there's some small environmental business that our technology will be able to enable us to really grow that business without adding to a lot more staff. We're interested in new products along the way. American Family is open to discussions in opening new areas. That is an area to grow. Having said that, there's still a lot more growth available, we think, in the casualty space. Whether it's Baleen-type growth, the small business that we're calling Express at this time, and also in the healthcare space.

We don't think we're running out of runway by any means in what it is we have to do with what it is we've got on our plate right now. We are open to new opportunities.

Pablo Singzon (Analyst)

Understood. I do not want to put words in your mouth, Stephen, but it sounds like just given what you have now, you think the market is growing, and without adding significant headcount or expense, you think the premiums will come your way. Is that sort of a fair assessment of where things stand now?

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Yes. I think when you talk about headcount, it's the type of headcount that we've been adding. When you look at the type of people that were necessary to start up the business versus now, as we move down into smaller business, it's a different level of headcount. In terms of how we see the growth and the number of headcount for the year going forward versus the year in the past, it'll definitely be leveraged. The growth per headcount add will be a lot more going forward than in the past.

Pablo Singzon (Analyst)

Understood. This will be my third question. My apologies. I'll squeeze this one in. I think there's a broad view at this point that accident years during the hard markets post-2020 might not have as much margin as initially thought, right? Mainly because loss trends just developed more unfavorably than what people had expected. I guess either for you, Stephen, or Brad, do you agree with this? The sort of, I'll call it, broad consensus view. Are you seeing it in your book in some way, right? I know it's a long tail, but maybe there's something that's true in the paids. I guess for Brad, at what point would you actually start recognizing favorable or unfavorable reserve development, right? Again, recognizing that your book is quite young and you want to have credibility in the data. Thanks.

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Yeah. I think your last thought is important, that it's still young. It is too early to say, I think. Over the last few years, people have been cutting limits while they're raising price. Maybe people who haven't cut limits fast enough or put out too much limits, there could be some adverse development. I have no idea at this point in time. It is certainly better than it was prior to when we got into the marketplace. Brad, do you want to add some more color on that?

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Yeah. I want to just mention everybody that we've seen on the more recent accident years that have come out with adverse development. When we've looked at what we could see, we're comfortable that we're not in the same space. It's auto business, or it's primary hab, or just not reflective of our book. That being said, we are doing Q4, we do our annual review of our reserves with our external actuary. We'll have more color, I think, on reserves and some of our characteristics, how those are developing after year-end. But so far, so good from our perspective.

Pablo Singzon (Analyst)

All right. Thank you both.

Operator (participant)

As a reminder, please use the raise hand function at the bottom of your Zoom screen to join the question queue. Our next question comes from Paul Newsome at Piper Sandler. You may unmute your line and ask your question.

Paul Newsome (Analyst)

Good morning. Thanks for the call. I would like to revisit the capital question a little bit. Beyond debt and equity, are you also looking at other alternative sources of capital, like reinsurance changes?

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Hey, Paul, it's Brad. Yeah. I mean, that's always an option. When we look at our capital specifically for 2025, we have a requirement to maintain a certain level of capital for our RBC by the end of the year. Reinsurance options to meet that requirement are kind of limited. I mean, we do look at reinsurance long-term and do we have the optimal structure both from a risk appetite as well as from a capital balance. For now, I think the only thing we've really taken off of the schedule for the current year is capital raises and equity raise. We just wanted to be clear with everybody on that.

Paul Newsome (Analyst)

Thank you. A different topic. The investment portfolio is obviously maturing. It's your liability line. I would imagine you're still in the position where your float is growing as your book matures. Does that imply any changes prospectively as the float grows relative to capital that you might be making in the future?

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

I'm not sure I understand the question. Can you maybe restate it, Paul?

Paul Newsome (Analyst)

Just, you're a ball liability business, which means that the float will become an increasingly important part of what you do. You'll have a higher amount of float relative to your equity over time. I'm just curious if that potential change in the portfolio itself implies any changes in the investment portfolio prospectively.

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Gotcha. Okay. Sorry. I was thinking float on our own equity, but gotcha. I see what you're saying. No, I do not think so. We're really happy with our portfolio as it is, our investment portfolio. We are still adding to it quite a bit. As you mentioned, we write long-tail lines. The benefit of that is collecting the premium and hopefully not paying a claim until much later in the policy. We're still growing that portfolio. We think when we look at our returns, we focus on risk-adjusted returns. We think on a risk-adjusted basis, our returns are best in class. We're really happy with the current structure. We'll continue to assess it as obviously the interest rates change and the macro environment changes. Presently, we're pretty happy with it.

Paul Newsome (Analyst)

Great. Appreciate the help as always. Thank you very much.

Brad Mulcahey (CFO)

Yep.

Operator (participant)

That concludes the question and answer portion of today's call. I will now hand the call back to Stephen Sills, CEO, for closing remarks.

Stephen Sills (CEO)

Thank you. Bowhead delivered another quarter of strong results. Thank you to our Bowhead team members for your continued dedication. To everyone else joining us on the call today, we appreciate your support and we'll speak to you along the way. Thank you and goodbye.

Operator (participant)

Thank you for joining today's session. The call has now concluded.