Norfolk Southern - Earnings Call - Q3 2025

Executive Summary

• NSC delivered stable operations with slight top-line pressure but solid cost control: revenue $3.10B (+2% YoY), adjusted OR 63.3% (up 10 bps YoY), and adjusted EPS $3.30 (+2% YoY). A late-quarter $65M land sale aided results; fuel surcharge revenue was a $30M YoY headwind.
• Versus S&P Global consensus, NSC posted a modest EPS beat and near-inline revenue: EPS $3.30 vs $3.20*; revenue $3.10B vs $3.11B*; management flagged Q4 revenue pressure from intermodal competitive responses to the UP-NSC merger announcement, while committing to Q4 OpEx of $2.0–$2.1B*.
• Management raised the 2025 productivity target to ~+$200M (from ~$175M+) and reiterated its cost-discipline playbook (fuel efficiency record, labor productivity, purchase services), offsetting macro and coal RPU headwinds.
• Emerging narratives to watch near term: intermodal share pressure (especially Southeast/domestic non-premium), coal RPU stabilization sequentially but still down YoY, and auto volume risk from a supplier disruption into Q4; medium term: regulatory path and integration planning for the proposed UP merger.

What Went Well and What Went Wrong

What Went Well

• Productivity and efficiency: Adjusted OR improved 10 bps YoY to 63.3% (vs 63.4% adj. in Q3’24) despite softer revenue; 2025 productivity now targeted at ~$200M; 2026 cumulative goal raised to ~$600M.
• Fuel efficiency and operating execution: Achieved an all-time quarterly record fuel efficiency (1.01; ~5% YoY gain); train speed rose 3% sequentially; fewer locomotives and leaner fleet, with re-crews down 19% and intermodal train starts down 12% YTD.
• Merchandise outperformance: Merchandise volume +6% YoY; revenue ex-fuel grew 7% with pricing discipline; autos, chemicals, and metals/construction led growth.

What Went Wrong

• Intermodal competitive pressure: Competitor reactions to the merger announcement began eroding intermodal volumes late in Q3; impact expected to intensify in Q4 and persist near term, concentrated in domestic non-premium and Southeast lanes.
• Coal RPU headwind: Weak seaborne prices drove coal RPU (ex-fuel) -7% YoY; management expects sequential stabilization (sideways) but YoY declines to persist into early next year.
• Claims expense and revenue shortfall vs internal expectations: Claims costs were elevated due to older cases and social inflation; revenue tracked ~$75M below internal Q2 materials outlook, partially offset by a $65M land sale late in the quarter.

Transcript

Operator (participant)

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to Norfolk Southern Corporation Third Quarter 2025 earnings conference call. At this time, all participant lines are in the listen-only mode. Following the presentation, we will conduct a question and answer session. If at any time during this call you require immediate assistance, please press star zero for the operator. I would like to turn the conference over to Luke Nichols, Senior Director, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Luke Nichols (Senior Director of Investor Relations)

Good afternoon, everyone. Please note that during today's call, we will make certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Safe Harbor provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to future events or future performance of Norfolk Southern Corporation, which are subject to risks and uncertainties and may differ materially from actual results. Please refer to our annual and quarterly reports filed with the SEC for a full discussion of those risks and uncertainties we view as most important. Our presentation slides are available at norfolksouthern.com in the Investors section, along with a reconciliation of any non-GAAP measures used today to the comparable GAAP measures, including adjusted or non-GAAP operating ratio. Please note that all references to our prospective operating ratio during today's call are being provided on an adjusted basis.

Turning to slide three, I'll now turn the call over to Norfolk Southern's President and Chief Executive Officer, Mark George.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Hey, good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. With me today are John Orr, our Chief Operating Officer, Ed Elkins, our Chief Commercial Officer, and Jason Zampi, our Chief Financial Officer. We delivered another quarter that demonstrates the team's ability to deliver a quality railroad. Throughout the year, we have highlighted our continued commitment to focus on what we can control: running a safe, efficient network, improving processes, delivering solutions for our customers' most pressing needs, and supporting our people. That remains the approach today of our 20,000 thoroughbreds, who deserve thanks and credit for our performance. On safety, our train accident and employee injury rates continue to improve. That's the result of disciplined execution and continued emphasis on training. Safety is a core value, and we will never compromise on it. On service, our network is running well.

Terminal dwell and car velocity remain stable, and we once again saw fuel efficiency gains, attaining a new quarterly record. These improvements are integral to delivering reliable, high-quality service for our customers, and they position us to sustain performance over the long term. Safety and service together form the foundation of our ability to serve customers at the highest level. What truly powers this progress is our people. Across the railroad, the thoroughbred team shows up every day with focus and determination. We are committed to building the next generation of railroaders because careers in rail continue to be among the best in the country. As we noted at recent conferences, the third quarter volume surges forecasted by partners didn't materialize as expected, and the truck market remains oversupplied. Ed will detail this.

While revenues were short of where we expected, the continued success on productivity was evident in the quarter. We also had a large land sale at the end of the quarter that helped neutralize other adverse impacts that Jason will cover. While not big in Q3, we started to see some of the revenue erosion from competitor reactions to the merger announcement. We expect the impact to grow in the fourth quarter and continue to be a challenge over the near and medium term. As we make progress toward getting approval for the proposed merger with Union Pacific, our focus remains squarely on ensuring momentum on safety and service while executing on our strategy and delivering for our customers. We've got a lot to be optimistic about. We're on a good path, and we're doing what we can on the controllable side to prepare for growth.

I'm proud of the progress we've made, and I'm even more excited about what's ahead. With that, I'll turn it over to John and the rest of our leadership team to walk through the quarter in more detail. John?

John Orr (COO)

Thanks, Mark, and good afternoon, everyone. Turning to slide five, I want to recognize the deliberate transformation Norfolk Southern has delivered in safety, service, and cost structure from 2024 and throughout 2025. This progress reflects a culture of accountability and disciplined execution, powered by generational leadership investments that position us for long-term success. We're creating a network that is safer, more reliable, and more efficient, shaping the future of rail and setting the standard for what rail service can and should be. Our PSR 2.0 transformation is delivering measurable outcomes that matter to every customer and stakeholder. For example, Amtrak host delays across Norfolk Southern improved 26% year-over-year, underscoring our progress and unwavering commitment to precision, reliability, and the standards that define Norfolk Southern. In Q4, we're going live with clarity camps, the next cornerstone of the Thoroughbred Academy.

The curriculum elevates PSR 2.0 business excellence. Importantly, as we transform safety and service standards, we're simultaneously delivering productivity gains, creating a clear and steady direction across the organization. All these efforts are aligned to our broader commitment to deliver meaningful expense controls while operating a reliable and more resilient railroad. Relative to 2024's full-year results, our year-to-date safety figures demonstrate FRA personal injury ratio has improved 7.8%, and our train accident ratio has improved 27.7%. Our team will never be satisfied with our safety results. We always strive to improve on our best performance. That's why my team and I are spending more time in the field this quarter, staying close to the work, staying close to our people, and staying focused on what drives results. Turning to slide six, we achieved stronger service and volume growth this quarter while operating with fewer assets and resources.

That discipline is clearly reflected in our financial outcomes. GTMs increased 4% year-over-year, which were accurately delivered with 6% fewer qualified T&E. Our evolving zero-based train service plan continues to drive cost control, precision, and productivity. Key highlights include a 19% reduction in re-crews, a 12% decrease in intermodal train starts since the beginning of the year, alongside a sequential improvement in intermodal service composite, and a 5.5% merchandise carload growth. Turning to slide seven, these results reflect decisive actions to balance quality service and efficiency. We're on track to exceed our expense reduction and broader financial commitments. We're not stopping there. The team is stretching for more, raising our efficiency targets to a 2026 cumulative goal in the range of $600 million. Operational metrics confirm the effectiveness of our fuel management strategy, which delivered an all-time quarterly record of 1.01, a 5% year-over-year gain.

This reflects both immediate savings and a durable path to greater efficiencies. Sequentially, train speed rose 3%, allowing us to store more locomotives while running a leaner, more reliable fleet. Turning to slide eight, rapid deployment of next-level field technology is part of a broader strategy to transform inspection, reliability, and overall performance. In the photos, you can see a new state-of-the-art wheel integrity system being installed near Burns Harbor, one of our busiest quarters. We're advancing machine vision at speed across our network. In the quarter, we deployed a new inspection portal in Virginia, bringing the total now to eight. We've positively identified over 40 wheel integrity defects. We've launched six new algorithms, with nine more already in development. The data from these field technologies feed our war room that are staffed with craft employees, managers, and senior executives, facilitating real-time problem solving and cross-functional collaboration.

We're leveraging digital tools, operational analytics, and ecosystem-level coordination to elevate our capabilities in operation and safety excellence. Wayside stops are down 6.7% year-over-year and 36% year to date, even as we inspect 5% more axles daily. This quarter reflects that our operational fundamentals are sound and are supporting a strong service offering. This is made possible by the commitment and resilience of our railroaders across the entire enterprise. At Norfolk Southern, results matter, and our people continue to deliver with confidence and momentum. With that, I'll turn it to you, Ed.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Thanks much, John. Now let's go to slide 10, where you'll see that we achieved 2% year-over-year growth in both revenue and RPU in the quarter. We see several dynamics at play in the business portfolio. We have strength within our merchandise markets, partially offset by meaningful declines in export coal markets. We see reduced fuel surcharge revenue and softer-than-expected intermodal volumes. Overall, our volume for the third quarter finished flat despite gross ton mile growth of 4%. Let's look inside of merchandise. Volume grew 6% from a year ago, driven by our auto, chemical, and metals, and construction markets. Revenue less fuel grew 7%, which underscores our pricing discipline and our volume performance. However, we had mixed headwinds from growth in commodities such as natural gas liquids, sand, and scrap metal, which diluted our overall RPU performance.

In intermodal, we're navigating the complexity of ongoing trade and tariff uncertainty, persistently abundant highway truck capacity, and outside factors, including competitor responses to our merger announcement, which caused volumes to decrease 2%. Intermodal revenue less fuel and RPU less fuel both grew, reflecting the overall stable pricing environment right now. Here, I have to note that year-over-year RPU comparisons benefited from an abnormally high volume of empty shipments ahead of the East Coast port disruptions last year. Let's turn to coal, where weakening seaborne coal prices drove RPU less fuel lower by 7%. This was the most significant revenue headwind for the quarter. We enjoyed stronger demand in our utility segment, but it didn't offset the sustained weakness in export. This interaction has been playing out throughout the year, and we expect it to persist. Let's go to slide 11 and talk about the market outlook.

Like the third quarter, we continue to navigate a dynamic economic environment along with competitive cross-currents. For our merchandise markets, we forecast vehicle production will be challenged in part due to recent disruptions at a key material supplier to our customers. We expect this will have a meaningful impact to production at several NS-served automotive plants in the fourth quarter. At the same time, overall manufacturing activity remains mixed with output expected to grow despite the backdrop of trade and tariff uncertainty. Strong fracking activity in the Marcellus Utica Basin is supporting demand in NGLs and sand in our merchandise markets. Looking into our intermodal markets, we expect softer import demand in the near term. This reflects the impact of tariff volatility and growing trade pressures. Warehousing capacity remains tight as inventory levels expanded at the beginning of the year ahead of tariffs, and truck capacity remains oversupplied.

Coal prices have remained pressured with significant uncertainty surrounding export coal markets. At the same time, we're expecting utility demand to see continued support from growing electricity demand and lower existing coal stockpiles. These dynamics should be considered against the backdrop of our recently announced merger, which has intensified competitor activity across the industry. As a result, we anticipate volume pressure, particularly in our intermodal segment. We're maintaining a cautious outlook for the remainder of 2025. Lastly, as always, we want to thank our customers for their continued partnership and business. The entire NSC team is aligned around delivering the service that our customers need every day, building trust as a vital partner in their supply chains. With that, I'll hand it over to Jason to review our financial results.

Jason Zampi (CFO)

Thanks, Ed. I'll start with the reconciliation of our GAAP results to the adjusted numbers that I will speak to today on slide 13. Total costs attributable to the Eastern Ohio incident were $13 million, which included $16 million of recoveries under our property insurance policies. In addition, we recognized the $12 million restructuring charge in the quarter as we continue to rationalize our technology projects. Finally, we also recorded $15 million in merger-related costs, consisting primarily of legal and professional services, as well as employee retention accruals. Adjusting for these items, the operating ratio for the quarter was 63.3, and from a bottom-line perspective, we earned $3.30/share. Moving to slide 14, you'll find the comparison of our adjusted results vs last year and last quarter, both comparisons reflecting a 10-basis point improvement in the operating ratio and a sequential comparison basically even with the current quarter.

On a year-over-year basis, revenue was up, as I just discussed, but we were expecting approximately $75 million more revenue as we had guided to within the second quarter materials. Continued macro-headwinds, a surge that never materialized, and competitor responses from the merger announcement that started to really ramp up at the end of the quarter all were barriers to the attainment of that expectation. Expenses were up 2% on a 4% increase in GTMs, but there are a lot of puts and takes within OpEx, and those year-over-year expense drivers are laid out on slide 15. You'll note that the quarter benefited from higher land sales, which were $65 million more than last year. In fact, the entire variance was driven by one large sale that closed at the very end of the quarter.

Another quarter of strong productivity gains also helped to mitigate both inflationary and volumetric pressures, in addition to the absence of benefits recorded last year in the form of cancellation of stock awards and fuel recoveries. I'd also point out that claims expense was elevated in the quarter, despite the outstanding progress we're delivering on our safety initiatives as we react to unfavorable developments on claims from several years ago, in addition to claims inflation on the few incidents that we have experienced this year. As I think about our 63.3 operating ratio for the quarter, clearly that was aided by outsized land sales. However, we were short on revenue from our latest guidance, and we dealt with higher claims expense than what we had been experiencing.

As we move into the fourth quarter, revenue will continue to be challenged, but we are focused on what we can control, and we expect to maintain our cost structure in the $2 billion-$2.1 billion range. I'll hand it back to Mark to wrap it up.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Thanks, Jason. As you can see, there were a lot of moving parts in the quarter, but as a thoroughbred team, we are successfully controlling the controllables. Looking ahead, the macro-economic environment remains uncertain, and we acknowledge that over the next several quarters, unpredictable demand and unique competitive dynamics will create some abnormal fluctuations in our top-line. We are not standing still. Our recent Louisville announcement will create attractive volume growth as it builds out. Additionally, once the merger closes, we can provide attractive solutions for our customers, unlocking faster, more reliable service, streamlined shipping experiences, and expanded access across a unified coast-to-coast rail network. These improvements will strengthen our value proposition and help drive long-term growth on our combined railroad through highway conversion. While the regulatory review process is ongoing, we remain laser-focused on maintaining strong safety performance while running a fast and resilient network.

That is delivering great service that our customers have now come to expect from us. Meanwhile, we will continue to maintain a sharp focus on optimizing our cost structure. As you saw in John's section, we are making excellent progress on the productivity front and are raising our 2025 cumulative efficiency target to roughly $200 million, and this follows the nearly $300 million we achieved in 2024. I am really proud of our team for the work they've done on this. While revenue in this environment is proving difficult to guide, you can expect that our fourth quarter cost in absolute dollars will be in the $2.0 billion-$2.1 billion range. With that, let's open the call to questions. Operator?

Operator (participant)

Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, if you do have any questions at this time, please press star followed by one on your touch-tone phone. You will then hear a prompt that your hand has been raised. Should you wish to decline from the polling process, please press star followed by two. If you're using your speakerphone, you will need to lift the handset first before pressing any keys. Please go ahead and press star one now if you do have any questions. First, we will hear from Scott Group at Wolfe Research. Please go ahead, Scott.

Scott Group (Managing Director and Senior Analyst)

Thanks. Afternoon. Ed, if I heard right, I think you said a two-point drag in Q3 from some business losses related to the merger, and it sounds like it gets worse going forward. Is this just intermodal? Are you seeing it in any other places? Ultimately, how much business do you think is at risk until we see merger closing?

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Hey, thanks for the question, Scott. You know, we saw that start to really manifest itself toward the tail end of the quarter, call it September-ish. It's going to manifest itself until we wrap around a year-over-year. It's a minority of, certainly a minority of the business, and it's really focused geographically to this point in the Southeast. We're working really hard to do two things. Number one, to make sure that we're providing a fantastic service for everybody that wants to use us. Number two, we're really leveraging the network that we have, the route structure, and the terminal structure to bring freight back to Norfolk Southern that may have left for whatever reason.

I'm pretty confident that, yes, while this is going to be a headwind for a while going forward, over the next couple of bid cycles, you'll see it start to iterate itself back toward what I would call the high-value, low-cost solution, which is Norfolk Southern for the beneficial cargo owners. That's independent of a merger, Scott. Yes.

Scott Group (Managing Director and Senior Analyst)

Jason, I think that the $2 billion-$2.1 billion of cost, you know, it's a relatively wide range on a quarterly basis. Any sort of more help in terms of where you think we could be in that range in Q4? I don't know. Is maybe the right way to think about it is excluding the gains was a 65.5% OR in Q3. Do you think that gets worse in Q4? Just any thoughts there? Thank you.

Jason Zampi (CFO)

Yeah, thanks, Scott. When I think about the expense profile going from third quarter to fourth quarter, as you mentioned, you've got to kind of normalize for those outsized land sales that we had in the third quarter. Historically, as we move from third to fourth quarter, if you look at the five-year average, expenses are up about 1.5%. That's really what brings us into that $2 billion-$2.1 billion range, moving with that seasonality. A couple of drivers that I'd point you to: we've talked about headcount in the past, guided you to the fourth quarter 2024 exit rate, which was about 19,500. We're a little bit below that in third quarter, so that should step up a little bit as we move into the fourth.

Depreciation expense always steps up as we move into the fourth quarter, just as we get more capital work done and get those projects in service. Finally, we've talked a bit before about what we've done on the technology front, and we've really gone to that managed services model. You'll see some higher purchase services expense in the fourth quarter that are being driven by that. Eventually, you should see that come out of comp and ben, but it'll definitely be a driver in the fourth quarter. Thanks, Scott.

Scott Group (Managing Director and Senior Analyst)

Thank you, guys. Appreciate it.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Next question will be from Brandon Oglenski at Barclays. Please go ahead, Brandon.

Brandon Oglenski (Stock Analyst)

Hi, good afternoon. Thanks for taking the question. Maybe this is for Mark or John, but how do you guys think about managing the cost structure in this environment where maybe there's some share loss and obviously some headwinds just given the trade environment? Especially as you look out further, if the deal gets approved, then maybe you want to maintain some excess capacity as well. How do you balance these differing needs as you look out over the near term and medium term? Thank you.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Yeah, great, great question, Brandon. I think you're right. We've got to be really careful how we address this. I mean, as you see, we have been treading down a bit and driving some productivity with regard to, you know, moving 4% more GTMs this quarter, while we saw headcount kind of drift down 3%. That's a 7% spread. We're really, you know, really happy with that outcome. We're seeing actually better service and better safety performance while we do it. We're going to be really careful here. I think, John, maybe you can talk a little bit about the next step of cost reduction. The other element I'd point you to, Brandon, we continue to focus on fuel efficiency, where we had a 5% gain year-over-year in fuel efficiency from all the initiatives that John's put in place.

We continue to get these mid-single-digit improvements in fuel efficiency. Labor productivity, fuel efficiency, we've been attacking purchase services, although we are making a deliberate shift to outsource some stuff in IT that, you know, will yield benefits in comp and ben. That's why, you know, it's a little bit of an odd, a little bit of an odd quarter because you do see zero volume growth on the carload side, but there is actually GTM growth. That does require resources. Also, remember, you know, 18% growth in autos. 18% growth in autos this quarter, year-over-year. Huge growth. That, of course, has some incremental volumetric costs that come with it that you'd see manifest in equipment rents. Those are the kind of things where, you know, it's a complex P&L.

We're going to be really mindful of, you know, really trying to drive those areas for productivity and efficiency while not undermining our ability to move volume at all. John, chime in, please.

John Orr (COO)

Yeah. Mark, you're speaking like a Chief Operating Officer with all the detail. It gives me the chance to talk a little high level. I appreciate that. Let's just start with the fundamentals. We're moving more volume, with more yield on our trains, slightly heavier trains, with less crews and more overall fluidity. Using that train speed that we're generating to reduce our locomotive fleet, increase our car miles per day, decrease the number of cars it takes to create a load, and doing all those fundamental things that show through to the customer and give Ed the chance to sell aggressively in whatever market he's in at the time. Those fundamentals are very sound. We have restructured a number of things, including how we manage fuel, which is showing through in sequential fuel improvement and flowing through to the bottom line. It doesn't stop there.

We've restructured how we hire people, the speed to and the quality to which they enter the workforce. That gives us the opportunity to be more responsive, even longer lead, resources and assets. We're ready for those things. We'll continue to improve locomotive fluidity by revamping our train service plan. I'll just say that our zero-based plan, version three, has just come out. Year to date, we've reduced our intermodal crew starts by 14%. Our shipments per crew start have improved by 11%. We've simplified our lean offerings and our blocking complexity. As a result, we're really energizing how we service that product and delivering it with more resilience and capability. That's what gives me confidence.

We're going to not only stretch ourselves this year and the remainder of the year in that overall cost takeout and that financial improvement, from an operating perspective and overall enterprise perspective, but even continuing that momentum into 2026 and stretching ourselves in the range of $600 million cumulative takeout. It's going to be hard work, which is in our DNA, and we're ready for it.

Brandon Oglenski (Stock Analyst)

Thank you. Thank you both.

Operator (participant)

Thank you. Next question will be from Jonathan Chappell at Evercore ISI. Please go ahead, Jonathan.

Jonathan Chappell (Senior Managing Director of Transportation Team)

Thank you. Good afternoon. Ed, you mentioned in your prepared remarks that the coal RPU was one of the single biggest impacts on revenue, and you also said you expect the headwinds to persist. If we look at export benchmarks and even your Eastern period last week, it made it seem like the coal RPU pressure would stop at least sequentially. Maybe you were referring to year-over-year. Can you give us any sense to how much that may continue to step down from the third quarter level, and when you think that that headwind may begin to stabilize?

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

I think you got that right. Thanks for the question so I can clarify. I think the export met benchmark is something like $175 right now. I don't necessarily anticipate any material degradation from that. On a sequential basis, maybe it goes sideways, which on a year-over-year basis is still double-digit down. The same is true on the utility side for export. Probably going sideways, but still on a year-over-year basis, double-digit down. I think that's going to persist certainly through the quarter and maybe in early next year before it hopefully starts to climb out. There's a lot of uncertainty around export coal when it comes to both the met and utility side, who's going to get it or who's going to take it and where it'll come from. We're keeping a really close eye on that. Thank you.

Jonathan Chappell (Senior Managing Director of Transportation Team)

Great. That revenue headwind and mostly volume, we should stop looking for RPU deterioration overall?

Mark George (President and CEO)

It'll persist year over year.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Year-over-year RPU deterioration will continue. Sequentially, it should be pretty stable. This quarter, we did start to see volume degradation as a result of the poor pricing environment.

Jonathan Chappell (Senior Managing Director of Transportation Team)

Got it. Thanks a lot, Ed.

Operator (participant)

Thank you. Next question will be from Tom Wadewitz at UBS. Please go ahead, Tom.

Tom Wadewitz (Senior Equity Research Analyst)

Yeah, good afternoon. I wanted to ask a little more on the topic of the competitive responses. I guess, you know, the kind of name that comes out and seems most prominent in intermodal would be J.B. Hunt. I just want to get a sense if you could help us think about, you know, to the extent that BN is going to exert some control here and push more business over to CSX. How much of the business do you think should be sticky to Norfolk? I recall back quite a long time ago, you had some corridor initiatives that I think are differentiated, like the Crescent Corridor and just lines that maybe CSX isn't going to serve markets as well.

I just want to see if you have some high-level thoughts on what can make business with J.B. Hunt or intermodal in general sticky, in terms of network differences and how much kind of risk is there of BN forcing some business over to CSX? Thank you.

Mark George (President and CEO)

I think we talked about it before that more than half of our business with J.B. Hunt originates and terminates here in the East. We continue to provide a really excellent service product to them, and we feel comfortable and confident with retaining that business. I think for the balance, and particularly in certain geographies, perhaps in the Southeast, that's really what's at risk right now that Ed can go in and talk about. I just want to reemphasize that one thing. About two decades ago, we started investing hundreds of millions of dollars to build out our intermodal franchise. We built out that Premier Corridor and the Crescent Corridor. We built terminals, and we have an unrivaled intermodal franchise in the East.

It's a franchise that people want to be on because it provides the fastest route to the major markets and with a terminal footprint where customers want it to be. With time, cargo owners are going to want that business back on the NS, and we are going to work aggressively to help them get that cargo back on the NS. Ed, please chime in.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Gosh, I think you pretty much summarized it, but let me say this. There are a number of key lanes where Norfolk Southern offers exceptional value for customers that really can't be replicated anywhere.

I would say this, from experience, there's a reason why we have the second largest intermodal franchise in North America, and it's because of the superior route structure that we've built out that Mark just referenced, and also a terminal network that gets you with your freight landed closer to the consumer than any other network out there. There are lots of things that can happen in terms of pushing freight around that what I would call be unnatural. Over time, we're very confident, John and I are, that we put our heads together, make sure our service is exceptional the way it is now. We continue to partner with the right folks. We're going to be in good shape.

Tom Wadewitz (Senior Equity Research Analyst)

I guess one component of that as well is just that, you know, CSX has had this major construction project and debottlenecking with their Howard Street tunnel. That makes them a lot more efficient north-south along the East. Is that a significant competitive impact, or do you think that's not, you know, that's kind of an impact on a modest portion of your domestic?

Mark George (President and CEO)

I can't really comment on that project for them. I hope it makes them a lot more competitive with trucks.

Tom Wadewitz (Senior Equity Research Analyst)

Right. Okay, thanks for the time.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Thank you, Tom.

Operator (participant)

Next question will be from Brian Ossenbeck at JPMorgan. Please go ahead, Brian.

Brian Ossenbeck (Managing Director)

Hey, good afternoon. Thanks for taking the question. First, just a quick follow-up maybe for Ed. I think you mentioned that that business, and we're talking about here, it would come back to the network even without a merger. Maybe you can just elaborate exactly what would have to change if it's better service or competing more on price. For John, when you think about fuel efficiency, we've always heard it was going to be a challenge at Norfolk because of length of haul and mix and a bunch of other things, weight. It looks like you've clearly broken through. Is that something you feel like you can get to sort of best-in-class levels with your peers? Some more thoughts on that would be helpful. Thanks.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

All right, I'll go first before I forget the question. You know, when I think about service from the West Coast into the Southeast, I think about UP and NS utilizing the Meridian Speedway as the fastest, shortest route between those two regions, period. There's not a better ride out there when it comes to that kind of freight for intermodal. That's one thing. The second thing is the exceptional amount of terminal capacity that we have and expertise to back it up, both in the Carolinas, Florida, as well as in Georgia. That is just going to be a force multiplier and has been. We are confident that over time, cargo owners are going to make the right decision about where their freight's routed. I'll hand it off to you, John.

John Orr (COO)

I'm glad you're noting the hard work the team has done on fuel. I won't comment on what the art of the possible may have been thought through back then, but I'll tell you right now, as we go forward, it's a big part of a strategy that includes all of our strategic sourcing and logistics approach, including the assessment of distribution, use, and consumption of the product like fuel. The current efficiency represents a significant dollar value. If you look at the mosaic of measures that we present to you all, we're balancing speed, locomotive productivity, the fuel burn. We're looking at it not at how fast can we go just to get faster and to get to point A-point B quicker.

We will, if that means we can use a crew at the end of that trip to use them within a yard and save money somewhere else. As we work through fuel consumption, we want to make sure that how we manage our fuel resources is aligned to what our train service plan is. We're always looking at that service plan. We're taking a more detailed approach on each element of it, what resources we need, how much fuel we need to move the tonnage, how soon we need to get to a customer so on a product-level view, we're satisfying the contractual obligations and elevating our service metrics and how they face the customer. We're taking that.

The nice thing is we're taking that approach in mechanical, how we service our locomotives, how we maintain our parts inventory, how we're putting stress on our engineering team through Ed and his great leadership and managing ties, plates, rail, ballast, all of those things. Across all of those things, whether it's fuel and operational resources, we're taking a really hard-line approach on it. I think we've got room to grow on fuel. I don't have any end in sight to the value we can create managing all of those components. I can tell you it's the tip of the iceberg as we move forward against all our enterprise resources.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

I would just add one other thing, Brian. You know, when I look back six years ago when I came in, we had roughly high teens percent of our locomotive fleet that was AC. Through those investments that we've been making every year systematically to upgrade our locomotive fleet from DC to AC, we're now approaching 80% AC. That is definitely helping provide more runway for the future that John is extracting using the methods that he's talking about. That definitely is a driver as well, right?

John Orr (COO)

Yeah, that gives us the, you know, just.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

The runway.

John Orr (COO)

Let's look at 2019, which was one of the bellwether years from a financial and service perspective. Right now, we're running a year-to-date 23% less horsepower per ton. When you have that discipline in managing locomotives, the utilization of your power, your crews, you're reducing your stops, you're creating more fluidity, it shows up in fuel and shows up in so many other P&L items. You're right, Mark. Those investments, those wise investments are paying dividends.

Brian Ossenbeck (Managing Director)

The discipline you're bringing now for the things you're just talking about is really what's accelerating the benefits and providing more runway into the future. Congratulations on that.

John Orr (COO)

Team effort, for sure.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Thanks, Brian.

Operator (participant)

Ladies and gentlemen, out of consideration to other callers on the line today, as well as the time allotted, we ask that you please limit yourself to one question. Thank you. Next, we will hear from Chris Wetherbee at Wells Fargo. Please go ahead, Chris.

Chris Wetherbee (Managing Director and Head of Transportation and Shipping Research)

Yeah, hey, thanks. Good afternoon, guys. I guess I wanted to sort of ask you about what you think is possible from an OR improvement perspective, particularly as we're thinking about 2026. You came into this year, I think there was a revenue target around 3% with 150 basis points of productivity and then 150 basis points of OR. Obviously, the revenue side has been more challenging because of volume. We'll see how much OR you get this year. I guess maybe the question as we go into next year, how much sort of OR opportunity do you think there is that you can control and maybe how much is more revenue dependent? Obviously, it's an uncertain environment out there.

I want to get a sense of out of the $600 million of productivity, how much do you think can be translated from an operating ratio perspective as we think about next year?

Mark George (President and CEO)

Chris, thanks for the question. Look, I think what we're going to do, which is very similar to what we're doing this year, is we're going to focus really hard on the controllables. In particular, those elements on the cost side. We're going to maintain a lot of discipline on our employment levels and try to drive labor productivity for sure. We're going to focus on the fuel efficiency and every single line item in the P&L that we can control. Obviously, you know, we get things like claims that surprise us. Jason's talked a little bit about that and can talk to you some more about that, some of the social inflation we're seeing. There's a lot we can control, and that's where we're going to put our focus. On the revenue, obviously, we've got some headwinds.

Mathematically, that's going to probably put some short-term pressure on the OR that we're going to have to deal with. Ed and his team are doing a great job fighting every way they can to preserve every single unit that's out there and try to grow every single unit with the value offering that we have, thanks to the great service John's providing. We're going to do that. I think at the end of the day, the OR is going to be an output of those two elements. Jason, do you want to add anything?

Jason Zampi (CFO)

Yeah, I would just say, you know, it's really, if you look at our, kind of our cost profile over the last couple of years and think about, you know, the inflation that we've taken on and the volumetric expenses, you know, really, and thanks to what John and the team have done from a productivity standpoint, harvesting almost $500 million of productivity, that's what's enabled us to kind of keep that cost profile flat over these last couple of years. I think you hit it right on, Mark, as we move into next year. I did just want to, for a second, talk about claims, because you had mentioned it, Mark. John, you can maybe jump in and talk a little bit more about what you guys are accomplishing from a safety perspective, which I think is really remarkable progress.

On the cost side, claims is always very volatile, and we see that quarter-to-quarter. What we're seeing right now is the resolution of some older claims. While the frequency is going down, we're experiencing higher costs per incident to close out those claims. Over recent years and quarters, we've seen pressure on that claims line as both the insurance rates increase, but also, you know, we're facing the same type of social inflation that you're seeing across the transportation sector. John, maybe a little color on what you guys are doing to mitigate the number of incidents.

John Orr (COO)

Yeah, we've said it, our safety from an injury and accident perspective is taking on a really strong momentum. We're continuing to invest in our safety camps. I've mentioned it before on these calls. Our Thoroughbred Academy has got a component of safety and safety leadership. We've processed over 2,500 leaders through that program who have now had a more capable way of approaching our workforce, building the environment and skills that are necessary. You couple that with the investments we've made in technology and, you know, a great story. We had a broken wheel derailment with a train that had come on us for one mile. We, as a leadership team, said there's got to be a better way.

Very rapidly, through the work we do with Georgia Tech and our portal systems, we created a wheel detection device that gives us an identified wheel integrity on all of our trains that pass through those portals. It was so effective that we made a suitcase version, a mobile version, and we're putting it into the ingress and egress of our hump yards and other high-density corridors to give us a good view to insulate ourselves from something that is not ours. Most of it is on foreign cars. It's been really effective so far. I would say, using my own language, that we've prevented over 40 derailments by the detection that we've had with these wheel inspection devices that didn't exist a year ago.

That ability to take ideas, understand the business, convert them into actionable items, and then put them into field use at scale is a testament to the commitment we've got on safety and how we can really influence line items that you're talking about and solve them at the root cause.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Chris, I just want to come back to one other thing as we look to 2026. Obviously, we're going to work on controlling the controllables on the cost side. Of paramount importance in 2026 is for us as an enterprise to continue this quest toward improving and preserving a very safe railroad. We cannot have a misstep. Similar to that, we have to maintain outstanding service for our customers. We cannot step back from that. Those are the two most important things. We're going to control costs, but those two things are of paramount importance. I would say the other thing is really the preservation of employment and retention because we have to go into this merger with talent to ensure that it succeeds. That's where our focus is. Like I said, we're going to fight like hell for every unit and every dollar that's out there.

Let's not lose focus on the safety and service elements, which are high, high priorities for us.

Chris Wetherbee (Managing Director and Head of Transportation and Shipping Research)

Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Next question, it's from Richa Harnain at Deutsche Bank.

Richa Harnain (Director of Institutional Equity Sales)

Hey, good afternoon, everyone. I'm sorry to beat a dead horse, but I also wanted to talk about the revenue erosion you expect from competitor reactions. First, I wanted to confirm that this was ring-fenced to intermodal. I guess, you know, what is really hindering your ability to compete? I know you enhanced your partnerships with Union Pacific in the interim, for example. Mark, you just reminded us today about the hundreds of millions of dollars invested in intermodal over the past two decades to make for a very strong product. I guess I'm just confused on why you would be challenged just because you're pursuing a merger. Is your competitor winning on price or is it something else? You said it's not Howard Street. Maybe just elaborate a little bit more there. Thank you so much.

Mark George (President and CEO)

That was a great question, Ed?

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Let me start with your first question, which is, yes, it is confined to intermodal and specifically to domestic non-premium intermodal. I can't talk about or address why other entities' contracts may or may not allow for certain things to occur. I can tell you that we're competing vigorously, both from a price perspective in a market that's been down for 40 months, but also from a service perspective. John and I are laser-focused on the route coming out of LA across Shreveport, Meridian Speedway, and into the Southeast. We have a great team operating our two terminals in Atlanta, our one terminal in Charlotte, our other terminal in Greensboro, and the one in Jacksonville that are not only poised to handle the freight we're getting today, but can accept more, frankly. That's the landscape.

Again, like I said, I think over the next couple of bid cycles, as those beneficial cargo owners look at the value that they're receiving from the service that they are getting from whoever they're getting it from, we're going to offer a very compelling case for them to come back to a network that makes the most sense for them. John, do you have anything to add there?

John Orr (COO)

I would just emphasize that our customer-facing composite standards are extremely high. We're committed to delivering them. We have resources, we have assets, and we have a corridor that's poised and ready for growth. We are going to deliver regardless.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

For every customer that is able to use Norfolk Southern, we're open for business.

John Orr (COO)

I will get back to the fact that, you know, when we control the relationship entirely with our customer base in our region, we're doing great. When it's an interline arrangement and the contract may not be specifically through us, that's where we're seeing some of these challenges. This is really kind of interline only. That's where we're seeing it.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

Appreciate the question and allowing us to elaborate.

John Orr (COO)

Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Next question will be from David Vernon at Bernstein. Please go ahead, David.

David Vernon (VP and Senior Analyst)

Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the question. I guess, Ed, you know, sticking on this topic, can you put a finer number on kind of what the quarterly run rate should be down, assuming nothing else changed in the business from where we're exiting kind of 3Q, just to help us kind of better understand what's in that model? It sounds like you're saying you guys can go market that against that service and maybe get some of that traffic over time. You know, what's the risk that this gets worse, right? It sounds like you're saying you're going to go back and try to go directly to BCOs, presumably with another IMC to pull back some of that volume. Do you get worried at all that maybe there's another shoe to drop as far as kind of the volume that's been lost? Thank you.

Ed Elkins (Chief Commercial Officer)

It's a lot like my golf game. It could always be worse. I would say this: we're working really close with all of our partners, including ones that may be affected with this, to make sure that we're offering exceptional value for them in places where we can do that. There are places across our network that I would argue we offer services that really no other railroad can replicate. Quantifying it's probably a little bit difficult. You saw what the effect kind of was really on a portion of a quarter. We'll see from here. It's not like we're in a super healthy truck freight environment where there's a lot of lift right now. The whole world's struggling when it comes to freight. This is one other one more headwind being applied to the portfolio, but we're very confident in the service role.

We should reiterate it's in the third quarter. It wasn't the majority of the challenge in intermodal, it was on the margins. It was the fourth quarter. This will build in the fourth quarter and into the first quarter. That's where, like you said, a couple of bid cycles, we should end up getting it back. We're going to feel the pain here for the next handful of quarters.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Yep. Next, thank you.

Operator (participant)

Next question will be from Stephanie Moore at Jefferies. Please go ahead, Stephanie.

Stephanie Moore (Senior Analyst of Automotive Services, Trucking, and Logistics Industries)

Great. Good afternoon. Thank you. Maybe talking a bit about your plans currently or your strategies to mitigate potentially any integration risks that we should see with the integration of the two networks. Clearly, you've made tremendous efforts from a service standpoint over the last several years. Union Pacific, as we all saw earlier today, also at a really strong point. I wanted to just talk again, hear your view, how to early on mitigate any of that integration risk or network disruption that could come as a result of the merger? Thank you.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Yeah, I think that's one thing Jim and I are very, very aligned and clear on, is that we cannot afford to have any integration hiccup or challenge. We're going to take our time and do this the right way. We're going to learn from the lessons of the past, and we're going to study that carefully. We're going to do a lot of benchmarking and leverage the talent we have on both teams to start planning when that's appropriate, and observing what it is we can do from a systems perspective. Even from a technical perspective, we're going to do this very, very deliberately. It's an ultra-high priority for us when we do bring these companies together to ensure that the integration is done right. John?

John Orr (COO)

Yeah. Hey, Mark, I've been through these potential mergers before, and I'll let those results speak for themselves. Merger or new merger, leadership matters. Since early 2004 and throughout 2025, this team has successfully delivered our PSR 2.0 transformation, which has been building the momentum and producing irrefutable value. We've had to navigate complexity, ambiguity, and even adversity. It works in all business environments. We're going to continue to invest in our generational leaders, elevate our service, continue to stress the plan, remove waste, and deliver more volume with fewer people, fewer locomotives, fewer cars, and less fuel. It comes down to the fundamentals. As I said in my prepared remarks, the fundamentals are sound. From that stability lends the opportunity for the development of an integration plan.

Mark George (President and CEO)

I think again, it gets back to my response to Chris. We've got to go into this merger, both of us really operating well. That will certainly ensure a good foundation for integration. Right now, we're both in strong positions in the way our safety and our service metrics are yielding. That is important to maintain because once we come together, we're coming together from a foundation of strength. We can integrate a lot easier. Thank you, Stef.

Operator (participant)

Next question will be from Bascome Majors at Susquehanna. Please go ahead.

Bascome Majors (Equity Research Analyst of Industrials)

Good evening. As you think about the competitive response, what conviction do you have that some of what's happening in intermodal doesn't bleed into the carload side of the business? Maybe aligned with that, three months in post-announcement, what conversations are you having with your large industrial carload customers? Do those skew optimistic or cautious? Thank you.

Mark George (President and CEO)

I appreciate the question, Bascome. I would categorize it in a couple of different ways. Number one, we have built a firm runway of success here when it comes to our carload service. Of course, that's the number one thing that our customers are looking for on that side. They want that conveyor belt that moves at the same speed all the time with little variation. John and his team have done a really good job of building that resiliency back into it. Number two, and I think this is kind of tooting our own horn, but I can't help it. We're known for being a relationship business. We are a relationship company, and we've built strong partnerships across the board with our big industrial customers. They know us. We know them. I can say hi to them on this call.

They know us, and they know the way that we do business. I will tell you that they are curious, of course, to learn more about what's going to happen in the future, but they're confident that with us being a part of the equation, they are in good hands, so to speak. In terms of any other erosion, it's a competitive landscape. We'll see what happens. We're competing every day to try to get more so is everyone else. We'll see where that part goes, but I think that combination of relationships and good service is a very good defense for us.

Thank you, Bascome.

Operator (participant)

Next question will be from Jordan Alliger at Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead, Jordan.

Jordan Alliger (VP and Equity Research Analyst)

Yeah, hi. I just wanted to, you gave some good color around the total yields intermodal, but maybe thinking through sort of like total yields or revenue per carload as we look ahead to the fourth quarter, maybe talk about some of the puts and takes, overall, whether it be core price, mix, etc. Thank you.

Mark George (President and CEO)

I appreciate it. I'm very pleased with where we've landed with our price plan this year so far, and I fully expect that to continue for the rest of the year. Our pricing plan's intact, and I would say that we're in good shape there, particularly vs inflation. When I look at the mixed piece, we're going to see more utility. We'll probably see a little bit less on the export side. You have erosion in the RPU for the coal piece because of that Seaborn price. That's going to be a little bit of a mixed headwind. On the merchandise side, we've already highlighted that natural gas liquids, sand, even some metals markets in terms of scrap, that's diluted the RPU some.

I will tell you that probably the biggest challenge we're going to have from where we've come from might be on the automotive side, where we've seen that one big supplier to one of our big customers have an issue. We expect that there'll be a little bit of wind taken out of the automotive side, so to speak, when it comes to the volume piece, and that's to go along with everything else. Hope that helps.

Jordan Alliger (VP and Equity Research Analyst)

All right, thank you.

Operator (participant)

At this time, ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to turn the call back over to Mark George.

Mark George (President and CEO)

Okay, everyone, really appreciate you dialing in this evening. Just to summarize, you know, we're running a really good railroad right now, despite the uncertain macro-economic environment that's ahead and obviously the increasing competitive pressures. You know, our top-line may be volatile going forward, but we are absolutely committed to safety, to service, and maintaining our cost structure. We are going to fight like hell over every available unit and dollar. Rest assured. There's a lot of opportunity on the horizon with our proposed merger with Union Pacific, and that's going to yield huge benefits to our customers as well as our country. We thank you for your time this evening, and take care.

Operator (participant)

Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, this does indeed conclude your conference call for today. Once again, thank you for attending. At this time, we do ask that you please disconnect your lines.