Circle Internet Group - Earnings Call - Q3 2025

Transcript

Operator (participant)

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. My name is Krista, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome you to the Circle Internet Group third quarter 2025 earnings conference call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question at that time, simply press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If you'd like to withdraw that question, again, press star one. Thank you. I would now like to turn the conference over to John Andrews, Vice President of Capital Markets and Investor Relations. John, you may begin.

John Andrews (VP of Investor Relations and Capital Markets)

Thank you, Operator, and good morning. I'd like to welcome you to Circle's third quarter 2025 earnings call. I'm joined by Jeremy Allaire, our Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman, and Jeremy Fox-Geen, our Chief Financial Officer. Earlier this morning, we posted our earnings press release and earnings presentation on the Circle Investor Relations website, investor.circle.com. A transcript of this call will be posted on that website once available. I do need to remind everyone that our earnings press release, presentation, and this call contain statements that are forward-looking. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.

The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Information concerning risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause these results to differ is included in our SEC filings. We will also disclose Non-GAAP financial measures on this call today. Definitions of those Non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures can be found in the earnings press release and earnings presentation, which are posted on Circle's Investor Relations website, investor.circle.com. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for GAAP measures. Now, I'd like to turn the call over to Jeremy Allaire.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Thank you, John. I'm excited to talk with all of you today about our quarterly results and general outlook. Before I do, I want to talk about our broader vision for what is taking place in this market, a vision of an Internet financial system that guides what we're building towards at Circle. Our vision from the beginning has been that a new set of open Internet infrastructure and open software infrastructure would collide with the global financial system and ultimately transform it. We are moving more and more towards that world and realizing that vision. What we are seeing emerge is the opportunity to build a full-stack Internet financial platform company with several platform layers. The first layer, blockchain networks, are becoming foundational operating systems for economic activity on the Internet, what we call economic OSs for the Internet.

These infrastructure layers will be part of migrating coordination, governance, value storage, financial contracts, and other forms of economic intermediation into a software-powered and agentic economic system. This is an enormous platform and infrastructure opportunity that we believe is even larger than any past Internet platform technology. On top of these economic OSs is the second platform layer of digital assets. This includes stablecoins, Internet-native digital assets based on protocols and applications, and broader tokenization, including the tokenization of traditional assets and many other types of economic contracts. All of these digital assets will be built on the first layer of blockchain networks, the economic OSs for the Internet. This digital asset layer is fundamental to how economic value will be stored, transformed, transmitted, and exchanged all around the world.

On top of the blockchain and digital asset layers is the third layer, new application utilities that are built for the Internet economy. Application utilities for payments, commerce, treasury management, capital formation, lending, governance, and many other applications that are fundamental to economic activity. Full-stack Internet financial platforms are emerging, and Circle intends to be the leader in this space. With that backdrop, I want to discuss our latest results and our progress in expanding our platform and building towards the vision that I just described. In Q3, we saw very strong growth in our network. USDC in circulation grew 108% year-over-year to $73.7 billion. This is tremendous growth, and we're very proud that our growth also represents continued market share expansion.

Moreover, the amount of on-chain transactions using USDC grew 580% year-over-year to $9.6 trillion in Q3, underscoring the inherent and increasing velocity and efficiency of using USDC as a medium of exchange. This increasing velocity of money is a crucial feature of the Internet financial system. We had strong financial results in the third quarter. We realized $740 million in total revenue and reserve income, representing 66% year-on-year growth. Our adjusted EBITDA grew 78% year-on-year to $166 million, with a 57% adjusted EBITDA margin, a 737 basis point expansion. We have delivered continued expansion in our platform. We launched Arc into public testnet in recent weeks with over 100 major participants. I'm going to talk more about that in a few minutes.

We're also sharing today that we are exploring the possibility of launching a native token on the Arc network, which we think could be an important component for driving utility, incentives, growth, and governance of the Arc network. We saw Circle Payments Network product expansion with multiple product releases and significant growth in transaction volumes. We have continued to expand our stablecoin network across more chains, with five new chain launches and 28 supported chains today, part of our deep commitment to maintaining a strongly market-neutral position. Adoption has been expanding across a range of use cases, industries, and types of firms. Overall, the stablecoin market has continued to grow strongly, and Circle continues to gain share. On a year-over-year basis, stablecoins in circulation grew 59%. Because we grew faster than the overall market, Circle's share grew to 29% in the third quarter.

Based on Visa's published analysis, stablecoin transaction volumes have grown approximately 130% year-over-year, with USDC share expanding to 40% in Q3. As you can see, the dollar stablecoin space remains a market with two leading issuers and a number of much smaller players as we continue to sustain our strong position despite increasing competition. At the heart of our competitive position are durable and powerful network effects that are anchored in several areas: the trust that we have enshrined in our infrastructure by being regulated, audited, public, transparent, and compliant; the core liquidity infrastructure, our reserve infrastructure with systemically important banks and banking connectivity around the world providing at-scale minting and redemption; also our broad distribution across blockchain networks and ecosystems, which has helped sustain the broader utility of our network.

We continue to innovate in product and technology and developer services, which provides powerful infrastructure for application developers, financial infrastructure companies, and others to build on. Crucially, we have been able to maintain our competitive position by being a market-neutral infrastructure that leading companies can build on top of. Our stablecoin network growth remains strong. As already noted, on-chain transaction volume grew to $9.6 trillion in the quarter, up from $5.9 trillion in Q2. CCTP, our cross-chain transfer protocol, is a key infrastructure in enabling capital-efficient and secure transfers of digital dollars across blockchain networks, applications, and services. CCTP volume grew approximately 640% year-over-year to $31.3 billion in Q3. In fact, over the quarter, of all bridged volume of all assets from major bridge providers that we track, CCTP represented 47% of all of that traffic. In October, it was over 50%.

This is really key as we think about the expanding role that Circle can play in providing infrastructure that supports broader cross-chain interoperability for digital assets. We're continuing to gain share in digital asset trading markets as well. It's a key priority for us. You see this in our growing share of spot trading year-over-year and in the ongoing expansion of USDC within perpetual markets, in particular on platforms such as Binance, the world's largest centralized exchange, and Hyperliquid, the largest decentralized exchange. From June 30th to November 8th, we've seen our tokenized money market fund, USYC, more than triple in size to approximately $1 billion, making it the second largest TMMF in the world. This is an important part of our growth in tokenized collateral for digital asset markets. Use case expansion and adoption is growing.

We're seeing adoption in capital markets, in payments, in the digital assets ecosystem, with banking infrastructure providers, and to provide dollar access around the world, including with leading companies such as Brex, Deutsche Börse, Fireblocks, Finastra, Kraken, and Itaú, the largest bank in Latin America. These are all key use cases with industry-leading companies that chose to work with Circle and which will be important to the ongoing growth and adoption of our stablecoin network. While USDC and Circle's broader stablecoin network are central to our business today, we are continuing to expand our platform across key dimensions. Coming back to this idea of building a full-stack Internet platform company, Circle has been methodically building infrastructure that goes down the stack into the core network operating system layer with Arc and moving up the stack into the application utility layer with CPN.

With Arc, we've just delivered a critical and significant milestone in recent weeks with the launch of the Arc public testnet. When we think about this layer of infrastructure, we really look at it as an operating system layer, an economic OS for the Internet. Over prior decades, there have been fundamental platform shifts for how software infrastructure supported growth in the utility of the Internet, the web as an OS for information and data, the evolution into mobile as an organizing operating environment, cloud as an operating infrastructure, and then other core utilities such as social, search, and commerce, helping to organize ecosystems, platforms, and activity. Now we're seeing two new major operating system paradigms: AI platforms and blockchain platforms. With Arc, we've created something that is enterprise-grade and purpose-built to bring stablecoin finance and real-world economic activity on-chain.

Our public testnet launched with over 100 world-class companies spanning every major category of the financial industry, major payments firms, technology companies, fintechs, and broad support across the digital asset markets industry. From Apollo to AWS, BlackRock, HSBC, Mastercard, Standard Chartered, Visa, and so many other tremendous firms who are testing, evaluating, and collaborating with Circle as we seek to bring Arc to commercial main net launch in 2026. We've also been activating Arc across our entire Circle product suite, making it seamless for developers and all participants in the ecosystem to take advantage of this new infrastructure from Circle as they prepare for Arc main net. Our vision for Arc is of a globally distributed network with infrastructure operators all around the world, in every region of the world, from every economic system in the world.

We envision strong stakeholder incentives and governance to help drive the adoption and evolution of this network. Consistent with that thinking, Circle is actively exploring the introduction of a native token on the Arc network. This is an exciting development that we're actively looking at, and we'll share more as we continue our exploration. We are also seeing strong early momentum for Circle Payments Network, and we've expanded the CPN product portfolio. We launched CPN Console, which brings self-service operations to CPN members for onboarding, integration, and operating payment flows on behalf of their customers. This will streamline our ability to bring more members and more institutions onto the network. CPN Marketplace itself has continued to expand, as I'll talk about momentarily. We launched a new capability called CPN Payouts, which is purpose-built for automated stablecoin payouts on CPN.

We've seen the number of financial institutions enrolled on the network grow to 29. We've also seen more and more institutions that are actively engaged in eligibility reviews to integrate to our network, including 55 financial institutions. The overall pipeline of financial institutions seeking to join CPN has grown to 500. Across these participants are global, systemically important banks, payment service providers, cross-border firms, neobanks, digital asset firms, and many others. We've continued to expand the markets where CPN is available, with live flows happening across Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. We expect upcoming launches for flows into Colombia, the European Union, the Philippines, Singapore, the UAE, and the United Kingdom, to name a few. We've also been seeing strong early adoption with rapid growth in CPN's monthly total payment volume.

From our first full month, only five months ago, to November 7th, we've seen over 100x growth in trailing 30-day payment volumes. As of last Friday, annualized transaction volume based on trailing 30 days is $3.4 billion. We're excited about this expansion of Circle's platform, continuing to build out what we believe can be one of the most significant and broadly adopted Internet financial platforms in the world. With that, I'm pleased to turn this over to Jeremy Fox-Geen for the financial review.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Thank you, Jeremy, and good morning, everyone. 2025 continues to be a year defined by growth. I'm pleased to report we continued this momentum in the third quarter, delivering strong financial results. I'll start by briefly recapping the fundamentals of our business and financial model. Stablecoins are a network business, and successful networks are enduring and valuable. Our strategy remains to grow and deepen our network. We earn reserve income on the assets backing our stablecoins, and we incentivize strategic partners to grow distribution and our network. Over the last year, we have expanded our revenue lines and now earn other revenue from certain of our transaction flows and network infrastructure. As an Internet platform business, we have a highly scalable model with strong inherent operating leverage. Let me now review the quarter.

USDC in circulation was $73.7 billion at quarter-end, more than doubling year-on-year and growing faster than the overall market. USDC held within Circle's platform infrastructure grew nearly 14x year-on-year to $10.2 billion at quarter-end, representing 14% of total circulation. As increasingly, we are seeing leading institutions build upon our platform. Reserve return rate was 4.15% for the third quarter, down 96 basis points year-on-year, reflecting the decline in SOFR during this period. Total revenue and reserve income increased 66% year-on-year to $740 million for the quarter, as growth in USDC circulation was partly offset by that lower reserve return rate. Total distribution and transaction and other costs increased 74% year-on-year to $448 million.

The increase was driven primarily by higher average USDC balances held on Coinbase's platform and other distribution incentives, as we continue to build partnerships to drive growth and adoption. RLDC margin was 39.5% in the quarter, down 270 basis points year-on-year, but strengthening 133 basis points sequentially from the second quarter, reflecting the impact from growth with certain higher margin products and partners. Other revenues, which are high margin and scalable, increased to $29 million from less than $1 million in the prior year, reflecting the new products and services launched since the second half of 2024. Subscription and services revenue was $23.6 million in the third quarter, primarily from revenue from our blockchain network partnerships. We added five new chains this quarter and 12 new chains this year. Transaction revenue was $4.7 million.

Total revenue and reserve income, less distribution transaction and other costs, grew 55% year-over-year to $292 million. Adjusted operating expenses, which excludes depreciation and amortization, digital asset gains and losses, and stock-based compensation, grew 35% year-over-year to $131 million for the quarter, as we continue to invest in growing our platform and distribution at this pivotal time for our industry. Notably, this measure includes payroll taxes, which since our IPO also includes payroll taxes on stock-based compensation. These new payroll taxes on stock comp were $5 million in the third quarter. Adjusting for these new payroll taxes to make for a cleaner comparison, our underlying adjusted operating expenses grew 29% year-over-year. Adjusted EBITDA grew 78% year-over-year to $166 million, reflecting the strong operating leverage inherent in our model. Adjusted EBITDA margin expanded both year-over-year and sequentially to 57%.

Let me conclude with a brief update on our outlook. We are at the beginning of meaningful shifts in the global markets for money, and we manage our business for long-term success. Moreover, several of our core performance drivers are visible to the market in real time. As such, we do not give detailed quarterly or full financial guidance. We do, however, provide full-year guidance on certain metrics to help our investors better understand our expected performance. We will update this guidance when we expect our performance to materially deviate from that guidance. Our USDC circulation outlook is long-term and through cycle and remains unchanged. We are increasing other revenue full-year 2025 guidance to $90-$100 million as a result of strong subscription and services revenue in Q3 and underlying growth dynamics in transactions revenue.

We expect RLDC margin to end the year around 38% at the high end of our range, reflecting strong on-platform performance. We are increasing our adjusted operating expenses for the year to $495-$510 million, reflecting growing investment in building our platform capabilities and global partnerships. This also reflects the impact from payroll taxes related to the potential future exercise of options by Circle employees. Overall, we've delivered a strong third quarter with meaningful growth and margin expansion. We're only just beginning to attack the opportunity before us and remain excited about our future. I want to thank the team here at Circle for your continued hard work and thank our investors and analysts for your support and engagement. With that, operator, we can now start the Q&A portion of the call.

Operator (participant)

Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad to raise your hand and join the queue. If you'd like to withdraw that question, again, press star one. We also ask that you limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. For any additional questions, please re-queue. Your first question comes from Pete Christiansen with Citi. Please go ahead.

Pete Christiansen (Director of Payments, Processors, and IT Services Equity Research)

Good morning. Thank you for the question. Really great trends here. Pretty impressive, particularly with CPN. I want to double-click into some of the CPN results. How should investors think about the pipeline developing here? You have 55 new partners in review, a huge pipeline of 500. How should we think about the conversion into full users? As a follow-up, if you can give us a sense of how Circle intends to monetize CPN, whether directly or indirectly. Thank you so much.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yeah, thanks for the question, Pete. This is Jeremy Allaire. Yeah, we're very pleased with how CPN is progressing. Obviously, we announced it in the spring. We went online. We've seen really good traction. A couple of things I'd say. I think the first is we've really been focused on making sure that we've got great product and operations that we are confident in that can scale membership and activations. We've made a lot of progress there, and you're sort of seeing that in the results and some of the other data points that I shared. For us, this isn't all about total size of the number of members on the network, although we do expect to continue to grow the total size of the members on the network.

We're focused on adding markets, not just adding markets for the sake of saying, "Hey, we can flow money here and there," but adding quality participants, participants that have meaningful flows, participants that want the benefit of a multilateral framework like this, participants that have good reach into businesses, enterprises, consumer retail, etc. Sort of quality, not quantity, I would say. Ultimately, we want to make sure, and this is part of the when we talk about eligibility and the eligibility reviews, we're looking at a lot of things. We're looking at how strong is their local liquidity against kind of local banking systems and currencies and their ability to meet the SLAs of the network and things like that. We're underwriting for quality, operational capabilities, and the like.

I think we're, again, very pleased with the progression and the progression of TPV, both the kind of monthly TPV and the annualized TPV run rate that we shared.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

On monetization, just for the follow-up, I might add a couple of points. The first is to say we're focused now on growing the network. We're not focused on monetizing the network or extracting value. We want the network to grow so that it's creating value for all participants in an increasing way, and that's how networks grow and become valuable. Over time, there are many opportunities for very small fees, which benefit these new, more efficient Internet-scale architectures. You want to charge much lower fees than traditional models and build businesses at much higher scale.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

I would just add very quickly, the members on the network can make money. These are flows where they have fees for their users and for the businesses that use this and, obviously, for ultimately the kind of currency flows that happen as well. This is, I think, an attractive platform that adds value to these members' products, services, and offerings where they can certainly generate value. We want to scale that up. More to come there. I think we're excited about integrating Arc into CPN and kind of new infrastructure that can support these mainstream payment flows on the network.

Pete Christiansen (Director of Payments, Processors, and IT Services Equity Research)

Thank you, Jeremy. That's a very useful point. Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Jeff Cantwell with Seaport Research. Please go ahead.

Jeff Cantwell (Senior Equity Analyst)

Hey, thank you. I wanted to ask you on in October, Chris Waller from the Fed spoke at a payments innovation conference, and he said that this is a new era for the Federal Reserve in payments and DeFi/crypto. That world's no longer on the fringes of the financial system and that the Fed intends to be an active part of that revolution. Curious what your reaction was to that. Do you think Circle has a seat at that table as the Fed likely starts to look more closely at crypto here? Thanks.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yeah, thanks for the question, Jeff. We're 100% in alignment with Governor Waller. Today, Circle's infrastructure, whether it be our stablecoin network infrastructure, USDC itself, our cross-chain infrastructure, are actually fundamental to this on-chain and DeFi-based financial system that's emerging. In fact, we maintain a very strong leadership position in the DeFi-based on-chain world. I think our competitive strength there has grown over time. I think the bigger idea, which I think Governor Waller is getting at, is that the ability to kind of take what we think of as the building blocks of the financial system and move those into code and smart contracts and tokenized assets that run on the internet is like a wholesale architecture shift.

It represents a major change in the actual underlying design of the global financial system from digital cash instruments like stablecoin money to financial contracts and financial market primitives, all expressed in code. That is at the very heart of the thesis of Circle. We keep talking about building the internet financial system. We believe there is a large-scale change and there will be this large internet financial system. We see it already sort of forming today. Circle intends to be the leading internet platform company for this new internet financial system age. I think it is very encouraging that the leaders of central banks, that the leaders of global institutions are seeing this as well and are affecting policy, but also technology and business practices that are really aimed in this direction.

Jeff Cantwell (Senior Equity Analyst)

Great. Appreciate that. A follow-up I had for you is you had 29% market share this quarter. Last quarter, you had 28%. You're stepping up there. Do you mind just talking more about where the share gains are materializing for you guys? I'm curious if you're seeing any notable change in the U.S. demand for USDC in particular post the passing of the Genius Act and whether that clarity has been helping out in any way with the share gains you're seeing here. Thanks.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Sure. I'm happy to take that. As noted, we saw very strong growth in Q3. I think that growth has come from, yes, the regulatory clarity, but also I think the overall just advancements in the technology and all of that combined is leading towards more market activity, more major financial institutions, payments firms, neobanks, large enterprises who are implementing stablecoin in their products and services. We mentioned a number of major firms that we saw in the quarter. That is effectively a very strong set of tailwinds. I think in a world where not just in the U.S., but in Europe, in Asia, in places like Hong Kong, UAE, where stablecoins are being regulated, the mainstream players who are coming in want to work with an infrastructure that has the trust, transparency, liquidity, and compliance that a firm like Circle has.

I think we've long held that kind of infrastructure approach as this becomes a mainstream phenomenon, not just because of regulation, but because of the technology advantages that it would advantage Circle. I think as you look at our share gains year-over-year and then the absolute growth in recent periods, I think it reflects that.

Jeff Cantwell (Senior Equity Analyst)

Great. Thank you very much. Congrats on the results.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Thank you, Jeff.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Joseph Vafi with Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead.

Joseph Vafi (Managing Director and Equity Research)

Hey, guys. Good morning and congrats on all the terrific progress. Was wondering if we could kind of drill down a little bit on Arc here. Number one, Jeremy, I'm pretty excited in your exploration of a native token here. Could you just double-click on that? What you're looking at, what would be some of the reasons you would move forward with it versus not and implications both ways? I have a quick follow-up.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yes, no problem. A couple of things. I think the first, and I mentioned this briefly in my comments as well, which is Arc Network is being designed and built in collaboration with a lot of major institutions. You will note if you go and look at the actual Arc announcement, the range of financial infrastructure companies, global banks, firms in capital markets, asset issuers, asset managers, but from all around the world, from Asia to the Middle East to Europe to the United States to Latin America. One of the fundamental principles is we want a network that is distributed, that has operators from around the world, from different geographies and geoeconomic systems. We want to create ways for those participants, including the developers that build applications on Arc and the end users that are driving and growing the usage of Arc.

We want to create stakeholder incentives, and we want to create governance methods for the evolution of the network. Now, this is, I think, relatively common in the blockchain network space, but I think at this moment in time when we're trying to bring together these mainstream companies and leading firms in the digital asset ecosystem as well, we really see the potential benefit of a native token for Arc that can provide utility for users of the network, that can align incentives around the growth of the network, and that provides a concrete way for stakeholders to participate in governance around choices in terms of the technology and its upgrades, choices in terms of the expansion of the operators on the network as well. We are actively evaluating a token for Arc, and we'll share more about that as that comes together.

I think based on the Arc public testnet launch and the engagement we're seeing from developers already, we're really excited about this. We think it can be a critical infrastructure for Circle, but also a critical infrastructure for the entire global ecosystem that are trying to build mainstream-scale applications on these networks and operating systems.

Joseph Vafi (Managing Director and Equity Research)

That's great. Really exciting. Just what does the intersection, I know it's early days, the intersection of CPN and Arc look like at this point or in the near future? Thanks very much.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yeah. So a couple of things. I think the first is that we have, with Arc now in testnet, we are activating the Arc as an infrastructure in testnet across all of Circle's products and services. During testnet, we'll continue to make sure that everything is available. We just, I think, announced in the last day our tokenized money market fund product, USYC, went live on our testnet. We want to make sure that that full suite is there. Secondly, directly to your question, we think that Arc Network can be a very important infrastructure for CPN, providing a best-in-class infrastructure with low costs, with settlement finality, and ultimately with great FX infrastructure as well.

You'll note in the Arc testnet announcement, there were a large number of non-dollar currency issuers launching on our testnet, and a number of those are already up and running on the testnet. Whether these are Yen or Riyal or Peso or Australian currencies, other currencies, we want to grow the number of local currencies. That's important because if we can establish seamless, real-time, atomically swappable currency exchange and embed that as a primitive that can be used by members on CPN, that could be a very powerful capability. Arc as a platform for stablecoin finance and Arc as a sort of enterprise-grade and regulatory-ready infrastructure for FIs aligns very well with the ultimate goals for CPN.

In other words, the application layer CPN is building on our stablecoin and digital asset network with USDC and EURC and USYC, and they're all able to build on and take advantage of our operating system with Arc.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Devin Ryan with Citizens. Please go ahead.

Devin Ryan (Head of Financial Technology Research)

Great. Thanks. Good morning, everyone. A couple of follow-ups here. First, on the Circle Payments Network, obviously great to see the momentum in the pipeline there pretty materially from the last update. Just love to get a sense of kind of the catalysts to convert that pipeline kind of on the timeline. If you can give us anything there, what may close over the next quarter or two versus what is kind of more initial exploratory phase? Anything on partnership economics? As you do scale the pipeline, do you have the capacity or should we expect to see some more costs come in? Thanks.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

I'll take the first part of that and have Jeremy Fox-Geen take the second part of it. Just in terms of the catalysts, I think building these kind of member-based payment networks is obviously always a classic chicken and egg, right? You want to make sure that you've got flows on both sides. A lot of our focus as we have gotten this started is get those quality flows from originators in major markets to destinations around the world. We're starting to see that. I think that's showing up in some of the numbers that we've also shared.

I think per my earlier comments, more and more firms who are involved in money movement, who are involved in cross-border money movement, whether they be banks or cross-border payments firms or even large enterprises that just deal with the complexity of how they collect and remit and move money, whether it's a creator or a supplier, all of those want to take advantage of the speed and capital efficiency and cost efficiency of stablecoin infrastructure. That is where we're seeing the catalysts. We're seeing the catalysts from established firms that are seeing that if they can internalize how they move money, it actually frees up capital, reduces the amount of collateral that they have to have, creates more capital efficiency, and it can deliver a faster, better product user experience as well. Those are the kind of business motivators that people have.

I think obviously for us, we're very focused on making sure that we've got high-quality participants across the network so that by kind of to Metcalfe's law, every new node on the network exponentially increases the value of the network. We want these FIs who are becoming members to immediately feel the benefits and the uplift that they get bidirectionally as well in using this network. Those are catalysts from what are the business drivers for people who are coming on and the kinds of things that we're focused on as we evaluate onboarding new members. In terms of the kind of outlook for growth on that and/or partnership models and investments, I'll turn that over to Jeremy Fox-Geen.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Yeah. Thanks, Jeremy. Hi, Devin. First, just addressing the cost piece of your question. Obviously, as the network grows and accelerates its growth, so too are the costs inherent, for example, in onboarding those FIs through the risk and compliance reviews and ongoing monitoring and things like that. Yes, there will be more cost associated with that. It is kind of within our overall cost envelope. As a technology company, obviously, we are building this in a very scalable infrastructure-driven way with sort of AI technologies built in wherever possible to ensure that as we scale and grow, we are not doing so by adding people. We are doing so in a very cost-effective, cost-efficient manner, which is very congruent to our sort of overall strong operating leverage inherent in every part of our model.

Devin Ryan (Head of Financial Technology Research)

Excellent. Thank you very much. As a follow-up, obviously, as you're having more conversations with potential partners and customers, and those are scaling pretty materially here, are you learning anything about kind of on the demand side, anything that could influence kind of the product roadmap from here? Tied to that, there's been a lot of M&A headlines in the space right now. Just if you can touch on kind of M&A conversations or interest at the moment or even kind of what's coming to you. Thanks.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yeah, sure. I would say a couple of kind of things thematically. I think a critical need that firms that are looking to build on stablecoin payments, they're looking for strong direct liquidity between the stablecoin and the stablecoin network and local markets. That has been a key focus for us, basically ensuring that our liquidity network is as strong as possible. We mint and redeem at scale through major financial market centers around the world. We're increasing the number of significant banks that are kind of plugged into our infrastructure in these major markets. If you think about that, that's sort of like the width and the efficiency of the pipes. How efficient and cost-efficient is it to be able to move capital through those pipes? That has been a big differentiator for us.

I think we're now able to build on top of that these other abstractions, whether they be FX abstractions, settlement credit abstractions, the CPN orchestration coordination capabilities. Obviously, for many of the firms who are this is new to them, there's the digital asset native ecosystem who are leaning in. There are all these firms that are new to this. This is really where technologies like Arc come in. A big motivator for us with Arc is we've looked for years at what does it take for a traditional FI or traditional enterprise to build an application, deploy it to use these networks, and to do that in a simple, safe, and well-assured process as possible.

With Arc, for example, deterministic settlement finality in sub-second transaction costs of around a penny, the fees paid on the network are actually in USDC and other stablecoins over time. Confidentiality features, these are critical features that people need to make this work for them. This is really the classic evolution from an early adopter set of technology infrastructure, an early adopter mentality, which has largely been focused on speculating, and a mainstream scaling phase where the infrastructure needs to map to the mainstream needs. I think those are the things we're doing up and down the entire product stack, not just in CPN, but the entire product stack that we're building for all of these mainstream institutions around the world who are looking to build on this infrastructure.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Just taking the M&A part of your questions, when we've talked about M&A and our internal M&A strategy, right, we see M&A and its use as accelerative to our core offerings. We have offerings in the blockchain space, in the digital asset space, and then in the application space on top of all of those with the Circle Payments Network. We've done three deals, closed three deals so far this year, and we would expect to continue to do M&A to accelerate within each of those spaces. We do not anticipate using M&A to diversify for diversification's sake.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

One that's common there is we've been building infrastructure in this whole space for a very long time. There are other firms who want to be in this space but need to catch up. Naturally, you're sort of seeing people who are trying to find teams and technology and other things out there. We've built everything that we do historically more or less organically. As Jeremy noted, we've acquired IP and teams and others, and we'll continue to look at opportunities as noted. We feel very good about our kind of innovation curve itself and our direct IP generation. We actually recently noted that we had 25 patents generated from the novel engineering and research and development of Circle.

Devin Ryan (Head of Financial Technology Research)

Really appreciate it.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of John Todaro with Needham. Please go ahead.

John Todaro (Senior Analyst)

Great. Thanks for taking my question and congrats on the results here. I guess I have one and a follow-up. First, on the on-platform performance, I think we've been continuously pretty pleasantly surprised with the USDC on Circle platform here, up to $10.2 billion. I'm just trying to frame this up. I would think most of this is for payments, cross-border money movement versus kind of crypto-native. Any kind of maybe percentages or just framing that up and give us a little bit more color is that the right way to think about it, that that moves more towards some of the payment verticals versus some of the crypto-native stuff? I have a follow-up on Arc.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Sure. John, we do not break out the on-platform by, say, use case directly. What I can say is for Circle, what we have been focused on is building partnerships with firms that want to build on top of our technology stack, ideally end-to-end on our technology stack, taking advantage of our wallets, our Circle Mint, our core liquidity, and increasingly these other developer services and infrastructure like CPN. We have very much focused on firms that want to build on our infrastructure. We focus on building partnerships with firms that are going to be growth-oriented, meaning we want to do deals with and build strong economic relationships with firms who have a credible path to driving growth. Those have been the focuses.

I think when we look at the partnerships that have helped us grow on platform, they all fit that criteria overall. I think in some cases, just to give you a little bit more color, in some cases, these are partnerships with firms that have tens or hundreds of millions of users. Those users are oftentimes in what I'll kind of call financial super apps where they offer wallets, they offer payments, they offer trading, investing, and other things. We do not see through into all of the behavior of their users and how much of it is for peer-to-peer transfers versus investments and other things as well. The nature of this is we're really going after partnerships with platforms that have good distribution and are growth-oriented in what they can do with us.

John Todaro (Senior Analyst)

That's very helpful. My follow-up on Arc, as you mentioned, the fees are paid in USDC and other stablecoins, and also just those transaction fees are so de minimis, and I can't imagine a token would be for gas fees or anything of that like. You kind of framed it up as maybe like a governance token. Is that the right way to think about it? I know it's early, but just maybe some more of the potential economic accrual or utility outside of, yeah, I guess just what would the other potential utility be if it's not for the gas side?

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yeah. So a couple of things. I think, as I said earlier, we're looking broadly at utility, economic incentives, stakeholder participation, and governance across the full ecosystem that will engage with Arc. We are exploring a token for Arc Network that aligns with trying to accomplish all those things. There's not a lot more I can say right now. Certainly, as we continue this exploration, we'll be able to share considerably more, assuming that that continues to go well.

John Todaro (Senior Analyst)

Understood. Appreciate it. Thanks for taking my questions, and congrats again.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Ken Suchoski with Autonomous Research. Please go ahead.

Ken Suchoski (Equity Research Analyst)

Hey. Good morning. Thanks for taking the questions. I wanted to ask about the other revenue. I think subscription revenue stepped up nicely quarter over quarter. How much of that is driven by adding the five new chains that you talked about versus some of the other recurring revenue sources? Maybe on the transaction revenue within other revenue, I think that ticked down slightly quarter over quarter despite showing really strong growth across the various metrics. Maybe a little more detail on why the decline quarter over quarter. Thanks so much.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Thank you. Excuse me. Thank you for the question. There's a lot that goes on in this, so let me try and unpick some of the pieces. Yes, sort of, as you said, strong growth in subscription and services revenue. Primarily, that is revenues from our blockchain network partnerships. As I think we said before, that revenue stream has two components. There are upfront revenues from the various integrations that we do, and then there are ongoing revenues for maintaining those. Now, the pace and progress of the upfront can depend upon a whole number of different factors. We have historically, and we'll do so again, described that business as lumpy. We had a very strong quarter, and we've had a long pipeline of fees, and we've been working very, very hard to execute upon those.

The upfront fees is the largest part of that bucket, but we're seeing strong growth in the underlying recurring revenues within subscription services, which we're very happy about. You note the decline in transaction revenues rightly from $5.8 million last quarter to $4.7 million this quarter. You comment on the underlying growth of so many other things. There's a wide variety of elements within transaction revenues. Yes, we are seeing strong underlying growth in many of them. The decline quarter on quarter is best thought of as a spike in the prior quarter, a spike in redemption revenues associated with our USYC tokenized money market fund product. After we had made that acquisition, we repositioned that product to be used as collateral within the digital asset markets.

Through that repositioning, we saw a very large amount of redemptions, leading to a spike in redemption fees in the second quarter, which masks the underlying growth trends in the other products and services within that. Notably, USYC itself has returned to growth. It has grown at 200% from the end of last quarter to today and now stands as the second largest tokenized money fund product in the world.

Ken Suchoski (Equity Research Analyst)

Great. That's helpful, Jeremy. For my follow-up, I wanted to ask about the implied forward-view guide just because we're getting a few questions on it. For RLDC, I think there's some assumptions we all have to make there. I think to reach the full-year guide, that implies quite a bit of sequential step-down in margins. Maybe you could talk about what's driving the step-down. We would have thought that the performance on Circle on platform USDC and then some of the other revenue at a high margin, that RLDC margins would actually improve over time. Maybe there's some dynamics in the market related to rewards and distribution costs. Any thoughts there, any help there would be very helpful. Thank you.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Thank you. That is a great question. Again, I am going to say there are a lot of different pieces moving around in the underlying there, which can make it quite difficult to unpick. We are very pleased to have seen strong sequential RLDC revenues against a backdrop over the last few years of that declining. We have long said that networks have network effects, and we see this both in sort of growth of our off-platform USDC and in certain of our economic agreements. There can be some lumpiness within those, which kind of gets to the point on the guidance. On our philosophy to guidance overall, we have consistently said that we want to be as clear and transparent with you as we have a line of sight into. We take a sort of modestly conservative posture.

We do not bake in everything we hope is going to happen or everything we are working on. We are working on an awful lot of things. We bake into sort of our line of sight on what we feel confident that is going to be delivered, and we would always look to our meet or outperform.

Ken Suchoski (Equity Research Analyst)

Okay. Thanks, Jeremy.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Dan Dolev with Mizuho. Please go ahead.

Dan Dolev (Managing Director and Senior Analyst of FinTech Equity Research)

Hey, guys. Thanks for taking my question. Yeah, overall, really strong 3Q. Kind of touching on that question from before, I mean, if the bull case is that TAM is growing and that could have set rate declines, you do seem to—I mean, you were talking about guiding down Q4, other income, and expenses are rising. I do not think we have heard a really good explanation. Maybe my bigger question is, what would be the pushback to the skeptics in the industry who are saying, "Look, this is somewhat of a commoditized thing." I think even the networks are saying there is going to be a lot of stablecoins. What would make USDC win in this market long-term? Maybe a shorter-term question on this Q4 guide and then longer-term, more conceptual question would be great. Thank you.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Hey, Dan. This is Jeremy. Thanks for the question. I'll actually take the second part first. I think there's a fundamental misunderstanding in the market. I think that there is a sort of—there's a view that, hey, anyone can kind of pop out a stablecoin, and therefore, if it's a big company that pops out a stablecoin, that it's automatically going to be successful. We've actually seen the opposite historically. We've seen consortiums of major companies launch stablecoin products that effectively have zero circulation. We've seen very large players with huge numbers of users push, push, push on this to get very, very little traction. I think the misunderstanding is that stablecoin networks are like other internet platform utilities, meaning they have network effects, and those network effects come from the number of products and services and integrations to the network.

If I'm building a product and I want to support stablecoin settlements and stablecoin payments, you're at a disadvantage if you don't support USDC because it has so much interoperability around the world. We see that all the time. We see major B2B firms adding USDC as the payment option without a deal with Circle, without any relationship with Circle. They're doing it because it's got the most reach and interoperability. There is sort of the network utility that also ties to what I would describe as developer flywheels, which is developers want to build and integrate to things that are going to help them themselves provide utility directly to their users. The reach of the network and the utility of the network compound each other.

The other piece, which is, I think, also not as well understood, is that these digital currencies live and breathe by the liquidity that exists around them. We have focused years on building the best, most widely integrated liquidity network for USDC, primary liquidity in major banking systems around the world, as well as secondary market liquidity so that it exists on brokerages, exchanges, payment apps, wallets through banks and others around the world. That primary and secondary liquidity is also something with network effects. If you want to do something and know that your counterparty is going to be able to be liquid in it and utilize it, that liquidity is really key. Those are very big, I think, and very powerful network effects.

I think the last piece of this is that there are also important kind of regulatory and infrastructure moats that exist, which is that it's a huge undertaking to ensure that you are well integrated and supervised by central banking regimes around the world. That's something that we've done the hard work on with over 55 licenses activated in more markets, bringing more markets online. The infrastructure from that, the risk infrastructure from that, and then all these other network effects are really important. I think it explains the fact that we have continued to grow at the pace we have, that the amount of growth we've seen in the on-chain markets, in total transaction volumes, in what Visa characterizes as "real payment volumes," we've grown, and we've grown our share despite there being more and more players.

I think as we look out over the next one, two, three, four quarters, you're going to see a lot of noise from a lot of people who think, "Oh, I need to do a stablecoin." I think you're going to be able to measure those every single day. I would encourage people to measure the actual trading liquidity that exists in these other tokens, the actual number of wallets that hold these other tokens, and the distribution that's there. I think we're going to continue to see what we've seen. This is a winner-take-most market structure. It's not a winner-take-all market structure, but it's a winner-take-most market structure. I think the investments that you're seeing, and I'm kind of bleeding into maybe J.F.G's other part of your question, Dan, we are leaning into this.

We're seeing growth in major platform developments that we think are critical to winning the internet platform game in this space. We're seeing a lot of commercial tailwinds all around the world, in every region, commercial tailwinds because of the technology progress and regulatory clarity. We want to make sure that we are stepping into that opportunity so that we can continue to be an outsized winner in this kind of upgrade of the financial system to the internet.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Yeah. Thank you, Jeremy.

Dan Dolev (Managing Director and Senior Analyst of FinTech Equity Research)

Thanks, Jeremy.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

You hit on all the major points in there. Just one small follow-up on the piece about guidance. We are at the beginning of what can best really only be described as a megatrend, right? The growth and the building of the internet financial system, bringing internet capabilities and architectures into the world of money. As you noted, Dan, right, the addressable markets here are huge. We do not give full-year or quarterly financial guidance other than on a few key metrics. For that reason, whenever you see an exponential growth curve and you zoom into the detail, particularly at the early end of that curve, you see a lot of fluctuations and variations. We think that those shorter-term fluctuations are best described as missing the forest for the trees if one was to overly focus on them.

Dan Dolev (Managing Director and Senior Analyst of FinTech Equity Research)

Thank you. Really, really appreciate the perspective. I think it was very useful for investors too. So thanks, Jeremy and Jeremy.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Thank you, Dan.

Jeremy Fox-Geen (CFO)

Thank you.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Andrew Jeffrey with William Blair. Please go ahead.

Adeep Chattery (Analyst)

Hey, good morning, guys. This is Adeep Chattery on for Andrew. Building on some prior questions, it sounds like maybe you're somewhat agnostic to a specific use case around USDC and focused more on distribution. If you had to pick, I guess, what's the most imminent use case beyond crypto trading in your view, and what's sort of the near-term visibility you have around USDC for non-crypto activity taking off? Thanks.

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Absolutely. Great question. We are definitely not agnostic to the use cases of USDC. However, what we do often say is stablecoin money is increasingly a general-purpose, general architecture form of money that is being used across a very wide range of use cases, everything from small agent-to-agent payments to large capital markets transactions between major electronic markets firms to everything in between. Obviously, we are seeing major consumer retail acceptance platforms like Stripe and Shopify making an out-of-the-box feature for payment acceptance. Very specifically, to get to the heart of your question, Andrew, I think we are seeing growth in cross-border and international payments with stablecoins. That has been a driver for quite some time, and it continues to drive growth.

That led to us building out an entire new pillar of our business with CPN, where we're seeing mainstream flows wanting to use this as a superior money movement system. That is very much a driver of activity and growth and partnerships. When I look at the partnerships that we're forming around the world, there are many in that space. We're even seeing some of the biggest systemically important banks leaning into that to actually improve upon the way in which they do their own international money movement. We're seeing large enterprises who are looking at internal treasury management and how they can move money across geographies and deal with collections and disbursements across global markets as a growth driver. We've talked in the past as well about sort of digital dollar as a store of value.

We continue to see demand for both firms and households who want to hold USDC. I think that if you look back at the Genius Act and really one of the goals that Secretary Bessent and other kind of, I think, promoters of that breakthrough in federal law, it really is about how do we kind of continue to export the dollar in these powerful ways. We are certainly seeing those. I think we are also starting to see, and this is, I think, something to kind of watch this space closely, traditional financial markets embracing stablecoins. Traditional financial markets like clearinghouses, derivatives exchanges that want to be able to use stablecoins as collateral for relative margin and for settlement as an improvement over the way that works versus the traditional banking system. We are seeing that. We are seeing big pushes around that.

We're seeing regulatory pushes around that. You have seen us announce partnerships with the likes of Intercontinental Exchange, Deutsche Börse Group, and others. That is something that we are pressing on. Related to that is essentially the number of traditional financial institutions that are launching smart contracts and digital tokens, i.e., tokenized forms of investment products that already exist. Virtually every one of those products uses USDC as its primary cash leg and settlement leg. You have firms like Zero Hash who work with us quite a bit. They face off against a lot of these tokenized issuers, for example, and are driving the use of USDC there. It is diverse, but we are not agnostic.

We are leaning into the places where we're seeing both the most immediate product market fit and traction, and then also where we're seeing pull from the market to where parts of the market are really wanting to implement this infrastructure. I cannot underscore how significant the Genius Act has been in terms of unlocking major institutions' willingness to start embracing and using this technology. There's a knock-on effect with regulators around the world who are also looking to conform and ensure that well-regulated issue products like USDC can work in their local markets as well, which is driving institutional access and demand in those global geographies also.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of James Yaro with Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.

James Yaro (VP of Equity Research)

Thanks for taking the question, and good morning. I just wanted to follow up on the prior question. I'd love to just get a sense, perhaps quantitatively, if there's any ability to contextualize how much USDC is being used in those use cases outside of crypto trading, DeFi, and developing market access to dollars, specifically the two use cases which you just talked about are payments and capital markets. Is there any ability to sort of size how much is being used there? Perhaps you could compare it versus the IPO, or is this all on the come?

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

There is certainly growth happening in these cross-border use cases. In fact, I think there is some good third-party reporting on this. There is a third-party analyst firm, Artemis, which has recently published, I think, some of the best data on growth in business-to-business payments, international business-to-business payments, and the growth through these periods. I do not know what the ending period is. The ending period is pretty recent. It is very strong. I think it is reflective of what we are seeing in the partnerships that we are forming in the cross-border related payment space. We do not break out across the entirety of our transactions that, although almost by definition, CPN flows are that because of the construct of the product. The uses of USDC in international settlements go well beyond what is happening just inside of CPN.

We don't break it out, but there are, I think, very good third parties who are looking across the entire ecosystem, not just Circle, to size that growth and activation.

James Yaro (VP of Equity Research)

Okay. Thanks a lot. I'd just like to touch on the potential that stablecoins could become interest-bearing in Congress's market structure bill. How should we think about the impacts on your business if interest were permitted?

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

I think the key issue here is specifically not that stablecoins would become interest-bearing. I do not think there is anyone who is looking at revising the Genius Act and the prohibition on stablecoin issuers being able to pay interest. I think what is in discussion, I should say, in the market structure legislation is whether or not distributors of stablecoins, exchanges, brokerages, other wallet products have the ability to use rewards as an incentive for people to use stablecoins on their platforms. That is permitted under the Genius Act. I think there is a real push from other parts of the industry, not the digital asset side of the industry, to amend not the Genius Act, but to provide provisions in the market structure bill, which would allow these stablecoin distributors to continue this practice of offering rewards.

I think we think that the language in the Genius Act is very good. We think it creates a balanced approach here. Importantly, it keeps stablecoins considered as cash and cash-equivalent instruments, which is vital from a financial markets perspective, from financial supervisory perspective as well. I think we also believe that there should be business model innovation in these kind of distribution platforms for how they engage with their customers. I think we're also supportive of the industry's view on that as well.

James Yaro (VP of Equity Research)

That's very helpful. Thanks a lot.

Operator (participant)

Your next question comes from the line of Ken Worthington with JPMorgan. Please go ahead.

Ken Worthington (Anlalyst)

Hi. Good morning. Thanks for taking the question. You have announced a series of arrangements with high-profile financial institutions to utilize USDC. I guess the fact that they are choosing USDC shows the power of your brand. What are you seeing in terms of the economics that they are asking of you? Are these new partners sort of getting full fare? Are you seeing the power of the network allowing you to negotiate better economics for you in these arrangements than maybe what you had seen in the earlier arrangements?

Jeremy Allaire (Co-Founder, CEO, and Chairman)

Yeah. It's a very good question. It relates to something I shared earlier, which is that we have a very powerful global utility that, in some ways, people can't afford not to support and integrate with. If you're building a product that wants to be interoperable in this world, you need to support USDC. If you want a product that can easily move value in and out, the liquidity of USDC is essential. We do have, I think, as noted, very strong network effects. When we think about partnerships, as I said earlier, we're very focused on we will invest in, so to speak, growth incentives with partners who can grow distribution. That's where we're focused. The fact that someone adds USDC support to their own product or service is not sufficient to get any economics.

We need to see a real path, a win-win path where partners are going to lean in. They're going to prefer our platform and network. They're going to advance it. They're going to market it. They're going to drive measurable growth. Only when we see that are we going to really step in and try and get economic incentives in place. That's important. We want this to be win-win partnerships that drive value and growth for both of us. We know today that our network and capabilities are essential for most products that are out there. At the same time, yes, we are trying to construct win-win partnerships with firms. A very large number of the major brands that you see supporting USDC, there's not a direct economic incentive at all.

These are just people who are choosing us because we are the most trusted, transparent, compliant, liquid, globally available in the world.

Operator (participant)

Ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude our question and answer session. I will now turn the conference back over to John Andrews for closing comments.

John Andrews (VP of Investor Relations and Capital Markets)

Great. Thank you, everyone, for taking the time to listen to us this morning. Obviously, the IR team here at Circle is standing by to engage with you in any follow-ups. We wish you all a good day.

Operator (participant)

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.